Discussion 5

 

Considering the various learning styles and education levels of your selected community, explain your selection of teaching materials. How do they cater to or possibly impede the audience’s receptivity to the shared health education information?

Your initial posting should be 400 words in length and utilize at least one scholarly source other than the textbook in APA format

my community chosen is the LGBTQ community- (USE FLYERS AND HANDOUTS AS TEACHING MATERIALS)

APA style please

Week 4: Question for Discussion

Chapter 7 – Posttraumatic Stress

Question(s): Name the DSM-IV-TR indicators necessary for a diagnosis of PTSD? (full criteria for diagnosis) five of condition/symptoms, with at least two in each category. Please, include specific symptoms in children (PTSD symptoms in children that are different than in adults). Note: (DSM-5 will be accepted).

Guidelines:The answer should be based on the knowledge obtained from reading the book, no just your opinion. If there are 2 questions in the discussion, you must answer both of them. Your grade will be an average of both questions.

H06 Assignment 4 Health Records Management

Directions:

 

Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format.

 

Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the “Assignment Format” page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.

 

A 30-year-old male is admitted to the hospital after an evaluation in the emergency room. After undergoing a series of blood tests and a kidney scan he is diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. After three days of receiving intravenous fluids and antibiotics, he is discharged home in fair condition. The hospital uses electronic processes to retrieve and store patient records. If you were performing an analysis of this medical record, you would expect to find several documents and clinical evaluations. But before you do, you think about the application of The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and its impact on documentation standards and how these types of cases may impact your career going forward.

 

Explore the history of health information management (HIM) and the AHIMA organization and then answer the questions below. 1.Make note of the definition for HIM, and review AHIMA’s history, mission, and future predictions. Then, discuss documentation guidelines developed by AHIMA, and how they would apply to the scenario described above. 2.Describe how the recent and future technological changes in health records management has/will impact your chosen career path as a health care professional. You may use the AHIMA website as a source of information.

 

Add to this discussion

 

With the United States leading in terms of health care spending it comes at no surprise that there are some major issues that are effecting the health workforce as well as the health care delivery system as a whole. When it comes down to it the health care industry is a business and like the goal of any business it is trying to make the most money it can. Also like any other business or corporation, it is governed by rules and policies that restrict operations. The health care industry being the business it is will try to gain the most money and do what is most beneficial to them under these rules a policies. If there is no incentive to change and innovate provided by these rules and policies then why would a business oriented industry make any changes at a cost to them with no reward? With that being said, I think there is a large responsibility on the policy makers to try to combat the soaring costs of health care. That could mean more implementation of policy is some areas as well as removing policy in some areas. Policy makers are not the sole reason as to why health care is so expensive but there is a large role they play. 

One way our local health care provider is striving to lower the cost of health care is simply by providing education to the public as well as developed things like “nursing hot lines”. These hot lines are just a number you can call to speak to a real nurse about health care issues that do not necessarily warrant an emergency room visit but you still think requires care. The nurse will advise you on whether or not you should go to an emergency room or visit a doctor based on your conversation. This could save people a lot of money from going to a doctors office just to be told they need water and rest. This hot line provides a screening process prior to getting to the doctor and cuts costs and wait times at the doctors office. 

150 word minimum.

MN576 Discussion Board Peer Response: Primary care and disease affecting women.

No plagiarism please.

Will need minimum of 150 words for each response, APA Style, double spaced, times new roman, font 12, and and Include: (1 reference for each response within years 2015-2018) with intext citations. 

 Discuss a primary care-focused visit devoted to wellness and or disease affecting women and health-enhancing strategies that you would include in the visit. 

Peer 1 Response

 

 One primary care-focused visit devoted to wellness is the annual wellness visit (AWV). Components of this visit should include updating immunizations and suggesting needed immunizations, blood pressure checks to screen for hypertension, obesity counseling if needed, and any counseling for tobacco and alcohol use. Also important is doing a functional status review, screening for fall risk and cognitive abilities for seniors (Adler, 2017). If the patient were a senior with a chronic problem it would be good to do problem-focused physical exam and explore any patient concerns, if any. The Medicare Annual Wellness Visit is still an underutilized benefit for seniors, even though it can offer many benefits to increase a person’s preventive care. According to (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, 2017), this visit does not focus on a physical exam, but is instead a conversation with your health care provider about important health issues. This visit provides time for the patient to plan with their health care provider a healthy future. Other health-enhancing strategies focused on in this visit are a vision test, to detect if the patient needs glasses, a stronger prescription, or have signs of an eye disease. A balance test will be done to help gauge the risk for falls, as well as a hearing evaluation to see if the patient would benefit from a formal hearing test.

     Another part of the AWV is developing a personalized plan to address ways the patient can stay active and maintain their current health. One primary care assessment that should be done at every visit is a depression screening. This doesn’t have to be a long questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) is a good screening tool. It consists of just 2 questions from the PHQ-9. If the patient screens positive with the PHQ-2, the full PHQ-9 can be completed. According (Fuchs, Haradhvala, & Uebelacker, 2015), the PHQ-2 has demonstrated strong validity and high sensitivity for detecting major depression in primary care.

Peer 2 Response

 Women’s health care is a detailed visit that is focused on many different aspects of care. For example, women need education on special topics at all ages of life. One of the major concerns for aging women is osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that occurs when there is bone loss, or the body makes too little bone, or both loss and decreased production (NOF, 2018). This conditon causes bones to become extremely fragile, which increases the risk of fracture. Fractures can occur following a fall or injury, or in severe cases even from a minor bump to the area (NOF, 2018). Osteoporotic bones have a honeycomb appears due to the loss in bone density. For women over 50, the risk of osteoporosis increases and the provider should order a bone density scan to monitor the structure of the bone. Bone density scans are the only diagnostic testing for osteoporosis prior to a broken bone (NOF, 2018). The diagnostic test for bone density is done through x-ray called a Dexa Scan. Dexa stands for dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. (NOF, 2018). Dexa scans should be conducted every 1-2 years depending on patient history and risk factors. The Dexa scan results are determined by a T-score. Normal T-score results are -1.0 and anything above -1.0 are mild to severe osteoporosis (NOF, 2018). One of the medications used to treat osteoporosis is Actonel. Actonel is an oral medication that is taken daily. The mediation is designed to slow bone loss and even help to prevent fractures. (Actonel, 2017). One of the side effects that needs to be discussed with patients is that is can cause GI upset, so it the patient has a history of GI issues, another medication is most likely the better option. 

Critical Thinking Paper

Paper should be 2 Pages. 

Please include references.

Make sure to answer the questions.

Please follow the format instructions.

Below I have attached the Story & Questions. 

Also is a file on how the format should look.

week 11 nursing research

 

In your opinion which of the following topics is best suited to a phenomenological inquiry? To a ethnography? To a grounded theory study? Provide a rational for each response.

a-The passage through menarche among Hatian refugee

b-The process of coping among AIDS patients

c-The experience of having a child with leukemia

d-Rituals relating to dying among nursing home residents

e-Decision making processes among nurses regarding do-not-resucitate orders

Nursing Practice and School Health Privacy ….

Please its important I meet the competencies….

Create a 6–8-slide PowerPoint presentation for a group of school nurses, which addresses the role of the school nurse in managing the unique health concerns of teenagers while adhering to privacy laws.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

  Competency 1: Explain the effect of health care policies, legislation, and legal issues on health care delivery and patient outcomes.        Explain the laws that relate to adolescent safety and health privacy in a school setting. Explain how the privacy laws affect schools, students, and school nurses.
Competency 3: Apply professional nursing ethical standards and principles to the decision-making process.        Describe health and wellness issues specific to the adolescent population. Recommend evidence-based ethical strategies relating to health and wellness privacy communication by the school nurse.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is consistent with expectations of nursing professionals.        Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Correctly format citations and references using APA style.

To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community. What is FERPA? What is HIPAA? How do FERPA and HIPAA affect school health privacy? What unique health concerns might young people have that differentiate them from adults? Assessment Instructions 

  

You are the parent of two teenagers and an active PTA member at their school. The principal approached you about an upcoming professional gathering for middle- and high-school nurses in your district. She asked you to make a short presentation on school health privacy and how it can affect nurse-student care within the teen population, where personal health issues and privacy concerns often collide. Preparation

Research and gather information about the issues facing school nurses in your state of licensure, as well as state and federal privacy laws that govern your school health privacy information. You will also need to learn about the legal limitations and responsibilities of the school nurse. Directions

Create a 6–8-slide PowerPoint presentation that examines the privacy issues unique to nurses serving the high-school age population. Address the following: Describe the types of health and wellness issues that can affect adolescents in their high-school years. Be sure you think beyond the usual things and really research the types of issues that are affecting young people today. Explain how privacy laws can impact the school nurse in regard to patient safety and health outcomes for adolescents. Explain how privacy laws benefit the student, the school, and the school nurse. Recommend two specific evidence-based ethical strategies regarding health and wellness privacy communications in a school environment.

Use the notes section of each slide to expand your points and cite your supporting evidence. Also, include a title slide and a reference slide that lists the resources you used in this assessment.

Be creative. Consider your intended audience. Additional Requirements

Your presentation should meet the following requirements: Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message. References: Include a reference slide with a minimum of three references; a majority of these should be peer-reviewed sources. All resources should have been published within the last 5 years. APA format: Resources and citations should be formatted according to current APA style and formatting. Length: 6–8 slides.

What does a Research Hierachy looks like

 

Before you get started with this assignment, please complete the Research Hierarchy Activity to provide context for the assignment.

Now that you have completed the Research Hierarchy activity, you can see how each type of research fits in a particular hierarchy. This is important because it provides information about each type of research study: its validity, rigor, soundness, reliability, and so on. With this context in mind, you will now examine the twenty articles provided here to give you practice in determining which article goes with each level of research hierarchy. Overview

Here is a list of twenty nursing journal articles that are available to you through the Regis Library. These articles are from a wide range of study types; from randomized controlled trials (RCT) to expert opinions. Cotton, B. P., & Ferszt, G. G. (2018). The role of NPs in medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Nurse Practitioner, 43(5), 8. Currie, E. R., Christian, B. J., Hinds, P. S., Perna, S. J., Robinson, C., Day, S., & Meneses, K. (2016). Parent perspectives of neonatal intensive care at the end-of-life. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31(5), 478–489. Dai, Y., & Livesley, J. (2018). A mixed‐method systematic review of the effectiveness and acceptability of preoperative psychological preparation programmes to reduce paediatric preoperative anxiety in elective surgery. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(9), 2022–2037. Goh, M. L., Ang, E. N. K., Hong-Gu H., Chan, Y., & Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K. (2018). Patient satisfaction is linked to nursing workload in a Singapore hospital. Clinical Nursing Research, 27(6), 692–713. Górska, S., Forsyth, K., & Maciver, D. (2018). Living with dementia: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research on the lived experience. Gerontologist, 58(3), e180–e196. Griffiths, P., Recio-Saucedo, A., Dall’Ora, C., Briggs, J., Maruotti, A., Meredith, P.,…Ball, J. (2018). The association between nurse staffing and omissions in nursing care: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(7), 1474–1487. Guirguis-Blake, J. M., Michael, Y. L., Perdue, L. A., Coppola, E. L., & Beil, T. L. (2018). Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Journal of the American Medical Association, 319(16), 1705–1716. Harvey, E. M., Freeman, D., Wright, A., Bath, J., Peters, V. K., Meadows, G.,…Collier, B. R. (2019). Impact of advanced nurse teamwork training on trauma team performance. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 30, 7–15. Hooper L., Abdelhamid A., Bunn D., Brown T., Summerbell C. D., & Skeaff C. M. (2015). Effects of total fat intake on body weight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8), 1-213. Jokh Chaaya, D. A., de Souza Nogueira, L., de Cassia Gengo e Silva Butcher, R., Reboreda, J. Z., Silva Bonfim, A. K., & Padilha, K. G. (2018). Pulse pressure and mortality risk in critically ill patients. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 29(2), 118–125. King, A. J. L., Johnson, R., Cramer, H., Purdy, S., & Huntley, A. L. (2018). Community case management and unplanned hospital admissions in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(7), 1463–1473. Li, H., Shao, Y., Xing, Z., Li, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, M.,…Sun, J. (2019). Napping on night‐shifts among nursing staff: A mixed‐methods systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(2), 291–312. Lök, N., Bademli, K., & Canbaz, M. (2018). The effects of anger management education on adolescents’ manner of displaying anger and self-esteem: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(1), 75–81. Mabire, C., Dwyer, A., Garnier, A., & Pellet, J. (2018). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of nursing discharge planning interventions for older inpatients discharged home. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(4), 788–799. Milligan, F., Martinez, F., Aal, S. H. M. A., Ahmed, S. A., Joby, B., Matalam, J. S.,…Melepeedikayil, S. S. (2018). Assessing anxiety and depression in cancer patients. British Journal of Nursing, 27(10), S18–S23. Moxley, E. W., Smith, D., Quinn, L., & Park, C. (2018). Relationships between glycemic control and cardiovascular fitness. Biological Research for Nursing, 20(4), 422–428. Rahimimoghadam, Z., Rahemi, Z., Sadat, Z., & Mirbagher Ajorpaz, N. (2019). Pilates exercises and quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 34, 35–40. Sasso, L., Hayter, M., Catania, G., Aleo, G., Zanini, M., & Bagnasco, A. (2019). Including qualitative research in randomized controlled trials: Opportunities for nursing researchers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(4), 705–706. VonStein, M., Buchko, B. L., Millen, C., Lampo, D., Bell, T., & Woods, A. B. (2019). Effect of a scheduled nurse intervention on thirst and dry mouth in intensive care patients. American Journal of Critical Care, 28(1), 41–46. Yeom, H.-E. (2018). Gender differences in climacteric symptoms and associated factors in Korean men and women. Applied Nursing Research, 41, 21–28. Assignment Instructions Review all of the articles in preparation for this assignment. Using this Research Hierarchy Template (Word), you will list one journal article for each of the seven levels of the research hierarchy pyramid (you will not need to use all twenty articles to complete the hierarchy; you will use a total of seven of the twenty articles). Articles will not be used in more than a single hierarchy level. After you have determined one journal article that corresponds with each of the levels of the hierarchy, provide a one to two sentence statement for each article to explain your rationale for selecting it and assigning it to that hierarchical level. You will write one to two sentences, justifying your selection, using the Research Hierarchy document that you submit.

Please refer to the Grading Rubric for details on how this activity will be graded.

To Submit Your Assignment:

  Writing Assignment Rubric

Note: Scholarly resources are defined as evidence-based practice, peer-reviewed journals; textbook (do not rely solely on your textbook as a reference); and National Standard Guidelines. Review assignment instructions, as this will provide any additional requirements that are not specifically listed on the rubric.

Writing Assignment Rubric – 100 PointsCriteriaExemplary
Exceeds ExpectationsAdvanced
Meets ExpectationsIntermediate
Needs ImprovementNovice
InadequateTotal PointsContent of PaperThe writer demonstrates a well-articulated understanding of the subject matter in a clear, complex, and informative manner. The paper content and theories are well developed and linked to the paper requirements and practical experience. The paper includes relevant material that fulfills all objectives of the paper.

Cites five or more references, using at least two new scholarly resources that were not provided in the course materials.

All instruction requirements noted.

30 pointsThe writer demonstrates an understanding of the subject matter, and components of the paper are accurately represented with explanations and application of knowledge to include evidence-based practice, ethics, theory, and/or role. Course materials and scholarly resources support required concepts. The paper includes relevant material that fulfills all objectives of the paper.

Cites four references.

All instruction requirements noted.

26 pointsThe writer demonstrates a moderate understanding of the subject matter as evidenced by components of the paper being summarized with minimal application to evidence-based practice, theory, or role-development. Course content is present but missing depth and or development.

Cites three references.

Most instruction requirements are noted.

23 pointsAbsent application to evidence-based practice, theory, or role development. Use of course content is superficial.

Demonstrates incomplete understanding of content and/or inadequate preparation.

Content of paper is inaccurately portrayed or missing.

Cites two or fewer references.

Missing some instruction requirements.

20 points30Analysis and Synthesis of Paper Content and MeaningThrough critical analysis, the submitted paper provides an accurate, clear, concise, and complete presentation of the required content.

Information from scholarly resources is synthesized, providing new information or insight related to the context of the assignment by providing both supportive and alternative information or viewpoints.

All instruction requirements noted.

30 pointsPaper is complete, providing evidence of further synthesis of course content via scholarly resources.

Information is synthesized to help fulfill paper requirements. The content supports at least one viewpoint.

All instruction requirements noted.

26 pointsPaper lacks clarification or new information. Scholarly reference supports the content without adding any new information or insight. The paper’s content may be confusing or unclear, and the summary may be incomplete.

Most instruction requirements are noted.

23 pointsSubmission is primarily a summation of the assignment without further synthesis of course content or analysis of the scenario.

Demonstrates incomplete understanding of content and/or inadequate preparation.

Missing some instruction requirements.

Submits assignment late.

20 points30Application of KnowledgeThe summary of the paper provides information validated via scholarly resources that offer a multidisciplinary approach.

The student’s application in practice is accurate and plausible, and additional scholarly resource(s) supporting the application is provided.

All questions posed within the assignment are answered in a well-developed manner with citations for validation.

All instruction requirements noted.

30 pointsA summary of the paper’s content, findings, and knowledge gained from the assignment is presented.

Student indicates how the information will be used within their professional practice.

All instruction requirements noted.

26 pointsObjective criteria are not clearly used, allowing for a more superficial application of content between the assignment and the broader course content.

Student’s indication of how they will apply this new knowledge to their clinical practice is vague.

Most instruction requirements are noted.

23 pointsThe application of knowledge is significantly lacking.

Student’s indication of how they will apply this new knowledge to their clinical practice is not practical or feasible.

Demonstrates incomplete understanding of content and/or inadequate preparation.

Application of knowledge is incorrect and/or student fails to explain how the information will be used within their personal practice.

Missing several instruction requirements.

Submits assignment late.

20 points30OrganizationWell-organized content with a clear and complex purpose statement and content argument. Writing is concise with a logical flow of ideas.

5 pointsOrganized content with an informative purpose statement and supportive content and summary statement. Argument content is developed with minimal issues in content flow.

4 pointsPoor organization, and flow of ideas distract from content. Narrative is difficult to follow and frequently causes reader to reread work.

Purpose statement is noted.

3 pointsIllogical flow of ideas. Missing significant content. Prose rambles. Purpose statement is unclear or missing.

Demonstrates incomplete understanding of content and/or inadequate preparation.

No purpose statement.

Submits assignment late.

2 points5APA, Grammar, and SpellingCorrect APA formatting with no errors.

The writer correctly identifies reading audience, as demonstrated by appropriate language (avoids jargon and simplifies complex concepts appropriately).

Writing is concise, in active voice, and avoids awkward transitions and overuse of conjunctions.

There are no spelling, punctuation, or word-usage errors

5 pointsCorrect and consistent APA formatting of references and cites all references used. No more than two unique APA errors.

The writer demonstrates correct usage of formal English language in sentence construction. Variation in sentence structure and word usage promotes readability.

There are minimal to no grammar, punctuation, or word-usage errors.

4 pointsThree to four unique APA formatting errors.

The writer occasionally uses awkward sentence construction or overuses/inappropriately uses complex sentence structure. Problems with word usage (evidence of incorrect use of thesaurus) and punctuation persist, often causing some difficulties with grammar. Some words, transitional phrases, and conjunctions are overused.

Multiple grammar, punctuation, or word usage errors.

3 pointsFive or more unique formatting errors or no attempt to format in APA.

The writer demonstrates limited understanding of formal written language use; writing is colloquial (conforms to spoken language).

The writer struggles with limited vocabulary and has difficulty conveying meaning such that only the broadest, most general messages are presented.

Grammar and punctuation are consistently incorrect. Spelling errors are numerous.

Submits assignment late.

2 points5Total Points100 

MN577 Discussion Board: CDC breastfeeding initiative – Peer Response

No plagiarism please.

Will need minimum of 150 words for each response, APA Style, double spaced, times new roman, font 12, and and Include: (1 reference for each response within years 2015-2018) with intext citations. 

Discuss the CDC breastfeeding initiative and describe how you will support this when interacting with your pregnant and postpartum women in the primary care setting. 

Peer Resp#1

Our bodies are amazing at what they do, there’s no way to fully replace what the body does naturally. That is why organ donation is such a great gift and why we should use our bodies to the fullest in every aspect of life and respect the wonderful life we’ve been given. Breastfeeding is the most essential, dynamic and profitable way of providing an infant with the nutrients they need as they enter the world outside of the womb (Farhan, Das & Malik, 2018).

            Not only does breastfeeding benefit the infant, but it has important consequences for the mother as well. Breastfeeding can lower the risk for certain cancers including breast and ovarian as well as decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (Grummer-Strawn et al., 2013). The CDC has started many initiatives to ensure that mothers in the United states have adequate access to lactation services and understand the best way to nourish their newborn. That being said, there are still many mothers who are unable to breastfeed but there is hope for those who desire to have breastmilk for their baby. Donor breastmilk is the milk of choice when a mother’s own milk is not available. Research clearly demonstrates that human milk decreases the rates of pediatric infections such as necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis (Coutsoudis et al., 2011).

Encouraging mothers to research the benefits of breastfeeding and educating as the mother and family as they are willing is the goal of the nurse practitioner. Ultimately, it is the choice of the mother to partake in breastfeeding, but proper education and encouragement should be offered for new parents.

Peer Response#2

 

The CDC is currently on a mission to improve the breastfeeding in the nation by current, new, and prospective mothers. Nowadays the CDC is actively promoting and engaging with new and potential mothers and well as past mothers to gather information regarding their pregnancies, determining thoughts and practices and how to move forward with the promotion of breastfeeding (CDC, 2018).  From years 2011 to 2015, the CDC has been conducting a study to determine the difference in breastfeeding by demographic variables, which provided them with information regarding cultures and areas where improvement could be made, and where their advocacy needed to be expanded and promoted.  These areas have gained additional promotion regarding health benefits for both mom and baby, as well as the advantage of a cheaper alternative to formula (Anstey et al., 2017).  A variety of issues with moms were discovered in these areas concerning breastfeeding and its practice. Some of these new moms are unsure of breastfeeding and unfamiliar with the method. Some of the moms are interested in breastfeeding but then revert to formula.

The CDC has adopted the ten breastfeeding steps that are being successfully implemented by the WHO and UNICEF organizations; and has been used for promotion throughout hospitals and a variety of healthcare settings as a tool to promote and to make breastfeeding a successful and healthy experience for mom and baby (Sriraman, 2017).  This promotion could be critical as many mothers would attempt to breastfeed their baby as well. This guide and assistance gives new moms information and a guideline to help their newborns attach.  They could also meet with a support team that assists them and has the specialized experience to encourage and teach the mom with the proper practice of breastfeeding.

As practitioner one should encourage a mother to breastfeed if possible, because of the significant benefits of it, such as the decrease chance of the baby of having an allergy to the mother’s breast milk.  However, there could be contraindications to breastfeeding that must be looked at as well.  According to the CDC (2018), a mother who is addicted or who has a disease should not breastfeed, such as a mother with HIV because the disease or drug could pass to the baby through the breast milk.