I need a 2 or 3 sentence comment for each paragraph

Paragraph 1

Today’s family reaches beyond the traditional definition and encompasses societal units of single-parent families; lesbian , bisexual, gay, transgender, queer, and questioning (LBGTQ+) families’ children raised by grandparents or other relatives; multigenerational units; and people who are together out of friendship and love, not bloodlines”. It is important to understand the family dynamics of the patient, their roles and relationships so nurses can better understand family structure and their involvement. Involving families in care and education can enhance patient compliance. Family members can affect health of an individual based on their social characteristics, culture, the influences from their neighborhood, community and society (Sharma, 2013). Health seeking behaviors and preferences may also be influences by family structure and the changing dynamics of family composition can impact lifestyles and heath related risk factors (Sharma, 2013). Nurses have a powerful position to create a therapeutic relationship with patients and families and involving those who influence the health and wellbeing of an individual in efficient, quality health care (Ponte, et al., 2007). Nurses who are confident in their ability to acknowledge family structure and what patients and families need, can successfully implement actions to encourage high quality care. “The family influences on each other can be engaged to assist patients and family members make choices and changes for better health”

Paragraph 2

The definition of “family” has evolved over generations and expanded from the traditional male and female married couple and their children living under one roof to that of the modern way in which people are interacting with each other and carrying out relationships. Coinciding with the way people are relating to one and other today, the definition a family has broaden to “societal units of single-parent families; lesbian, bisexual, gay, trans gender, queer, and questioning (LBGTQ+) families; children raised by grandparents or other relatives; multi generational units; and people who are together out of friendship and love, not bloodlines. The form and function of the family dynamics directly influence the overall health of an individual. This is why understanding the different family structures and not assuming the “non-traditional” structure will enable the nurse to make accurate assessments on the health care needs of the individual as well as identifying gaps to meeting those needs and formulating a plan while honoring their preferences, beliefs and values. Understanding the family structure will give the nurse insight to the plan for aftercare and how well the goals will be met in the home setting. The family systems theory takes a look at the family as a whole system rather than individual members to study the family processes and problems. However, each family member has their own individual role, feelings, behaviors and goals that influence the rest of the family. Considering the family system will help nurses understand the interaction of the family because any “modification by an individual within the system can change the family’s finances, health, housing, communication, and dreams. Once a change is made within the member of the family then the dynamics in the whole system start to shift, which can result in either positive outcomes for everyone or create stressors and tensions for the other members to adapt to. Involving the whole family in the assessment and planning of care will create an environment of support and encouragement, promote education and increase the probability of healthier, positive behaviors. 

  

In an APA format paper, approximately 3-5 pages in length, address the following questions.  Locate two different qualitative studies in professional resources related to your PICOT topic of interest.  “Does handwashing among healthcare workers reduce hospital acquired infection?”      

Give an overview and summary and then answer these three questions:      

1)Give an overview of the study and findings

2)What type pf qualitative study was it (i.e. phenomenology, ethnography, etc.)?

3) How did the authors establish trustworthiness (specifically discuss credibility, confirm ability, dependability, and transfer ability)?

4)Do you think this study will be applicable to your population? Why or why not?

Label each section using the template. Submit copies of studies in PDF format!

Template:

Quantitative Study One – the first study what is about?

Overview; what is the overview of the study?

Study design : what kind of study is it? Is it experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental

Internal validity of the study and External Validity of the study  What threats to internal and external validity were noted? Are there others you think might be present that the author(s) did not describe? Define each of these terms . 

Applicability:  . Do you think this study will be applicable to your PICOT population? Why or why not? 

Qualitative Study Two

Overview

Study Design experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental

Internal and External Validity

Applicability

References   in APA format you must include intext citation. cite every source of information. You must upload the study article you are referring to. The study must be peer reviewed scholarly articles between 2014  and 2019 . please upload 2 different kinds of studies addressing the PICO question above.                                                

 

Respond to the post bellow  by comparing your assessment tool to theirs. 

NOTE: my assessment tool: The patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9

                                    Main Post

 

According  to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1995),  children and adolescents are evaluated due to psychiatric disorders that  impair emotional, cognitive, physical, and/or behavioral functioning.  The child or adolescent is evaluated in the context of the family,  school, community, and culture. The purpose and aims of the clinical  diagnostic assessment are to determine whether psychopathology is  present and, if so, to establish a differential diagnosis and tentative  diagnostic formulation, to develop a treatment recommendation and plan,  or to communicate the above findings in an appropriate fashion to the  parents and child. In addition, the aims of the assessment process are  to identify the stated reasons and factors leading to the referral, to  assess the nature and severity of the child’s behavioral difficulties,  functional impairments, subjective distress, and to identify individual,  family, or environmental factors that may potentially account for,  influence, or ameliorate these difficulties. When assessing children,  parents’ interviews and school functioning reports are necessary.

The  assessment tool I will discuss in this post is the Screen for Child  Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Per the University of  Pittsburg (2019), SCARED is a child and parent self-report instrument  used to screen for childhood anxiety disorders including general anxiety  disorder, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social  phobia. In addition, it assesses symptoms related to school phobia. The  SCARED consists of 41 items and 5 factors that parallel the DSM-IV  classification of anxiety disorders. The child and parent versions of  the SCARED have moderate parent-child agreement and good internal  consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminant validity, and it  is sensitive to treatment response

Target population: Children ages 8-18 years

Intended users: Clinicians and Psychiatrists

Time to Administer: 10 minutes

Completed by: Children and Parents

How to Use SCARED:  SCARED is a questionnaire with scales that describes how people feel.  Clients read each phrase and decide if it is “Not True or Hardly Ever  True” or “Somewhat True or Sometimes True” or “Very True or Often True”.  Then, for each sentence, they fill in one circle that corresponds to  the response that seems to describe them for the last 3 months. After  each phrase and circles, there are abbreviations of the various  disorders. Therefore,

a total score of >25 may indicate the presence of an Anxiety Disorder.  Scores higher than 40 are more specific.

A score of 7 for items 1, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 27, 30, 34, 38 may indicate Panic Disorder or Significant Somatic Symptoms (PN).  

A score of 9 for items 5, 7, 14, 21, 23, 28, 33, 35, 37 may indicate Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GD).  

 A score of 5 for items 4, 8, 13, 16, 20, 25, 29, 31 may indicate Separation Anxiety Disorder (SP).  

A score of 8 for items 3, 10, 26, 32, 39, 40, 41 may indicate Social Anxiety Disorder (SC) 

A score of 3 for items 2, 11, 17, 36 may indicate Significant School Avoidance (SN)

(see the attached document or link, it’s the SCARED assessment and how the score is calculated: source http://www.shared-care.ca/files/SCARED_Child_Updated_June_2015.pdf)

Psychometric Properties:  There are accumulating studies that have shown the SCARED to have good  psychometric properties for children and adolescents from various  cultures, so SCARED can be utilized in various countries as a  cross-cultural screening instrument for DSM-V anxiety disorders. The  psychometric properties of the SCARED are strong because females scored  significantly higher than males, and that age had a moderating effect on  male and female score differences. Studies have demonstrated that girls  run a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders than boys. The  moderating effect of age on anxiety symptoms, particularly generalized  anxiety disorder symptoms increases for older girls that may highlight  the importance of early interventions for them to help reduce the risk  for later developmental maladaptation (Crocetti et al., 2011)

Diagnosis for a Client Receiving Psychotherapy: Possible diagnoses for these clients under Anxiety Disorders are Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia (fear  of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or  embarrassment), Separation Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder  (formerly Social Phobia), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (American  Psychiatric Association, 2017).

Legal and Ethical Implications of Counseling Children: The four  ethical/ legal issues that arise when counseling children are counselor  competence, informed consent, confidentiality, and mandatory reporting  of child abuse. Counselor Competence-  that is knowledge and skills of the counselor (e.g. use of play  therapy), knowledge of mental disorders, understanding human  development, understanding family structure, culture/ diversity, and a  more talked about topic (transgender). Informed Consent-  It is formal permission that allows treatment. The counselor and client  fall under legal jurisdiction of contract law. Minors can only enter a  contract by parental / guardian consent, involuntary at parent’s  insistence, or ordered by juvenile court. Through informed consents,  clients are given voluntary knowledge of treatment, must understand  consequences of treatment, and if not obtained, counselors are held  responsible, and sued for battery, failure to gain consent, & child  enticement. Confidentiality  must be maintained so it will not cause lack of trust and  communication, child not seeking treatment, or early termination of  psychotherapy. Mandatory Reporting:  mental health professionals must report in all States. It’s the duty of  health care providers to report and failure to report breaches legal  and ethical standards (Garnsey, n.d.)

References

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1995). 

            Practice Parameters for the Psychiatric Assessment of Children and Adolescents.

            Retrieved March 2, 2020, from 

https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/practice_parameters/psychiatric_asse

American Psychiatric Association (2013). 

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 

Retrieved March 2, 2020, from 

https://dsm-psychiatryonline-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.97

American Psychiatric Association (2017). What Are Anxiety Disorders?

            Retrieved March 3, 2020, from 

https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorder

Crocetti, E., Meeus, W. H. J., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., William, W. H. (2011). 

            A meta-analysis of the cross-cultural psychometric properties of the Screen for Child

Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Retrieved March 3, 2020, from

https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=de03210f-a792-44d7-bb

Garnsey, E. (n.d.). Legal and Ethical Issues When Counseling Children. 

            Retrieved March 3, 2020, from

https://eportfolio.pace.edu/artefact/file/download.php?file=112508&view=76785

Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED)- (2012). 

CHILD Version—Page 1 of 2 (to be filled out by the CHILD)

            Retrieved March 3, 2019, from 

http://www.shared-care.ca/files/SCARED_Child_Updated_June_2015.pdf

University of Pittsburg (2019). Instruments- Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional

            Disorders (SCARED). Retrieved March 2, 2020, from 

https://www.pediatricbipolar.pitt.edu/resources/instruments

SCARED_Child_Updated_June_2015.pdf 

 Find a media publication with a health message. Share the link. What population is this publication targeting and how do you know? Do you think it is effective or not? Why?