This is the executive summary of a working paper by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

“As cyber insecurity has become a growing problem worldwide, states and other stakeholders have sought to increase stability for cyberspace. As a result, a new ecosystem of “cyber norm” processes has emerged in diverse fora and formats. Today, United Nations (UN) groups (for example, the Group of Governmental Experts [GGE] and the Open-Ended Working Group [OEWG]), expert commissions (for example, the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace), industry coalitions (for example, the Tech Accord, the Charter of Trust), and multistakeholder collectives (for example, the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace) all purport to identify or operationalize various normative standards of behavior for states and/or other stakeholders in cyberspace. As some of these processes wind down (for example, the Global Commission) and others wind up (for example, the OEWG), cyber norms are at a crossroads where each process’s potential (and problems) looms large.

On October 29, 2019, the University of Pennsylvania’s Perry World House and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace convened a one-day workshop titled “Cyberspace and Geopolitics.”1 It brought together three dozen key stakeholders in the cyber norm discourse, including representatives of national governments, international organizations, nongovernmental entities, industry, and think tanks, alongside several chief information security officers and academics from international law and international relations. Participants assessed the various cyber norm processes both individually and collectively. This paper builds on the outcome of those discussions.2

The workshop’s key takeaway was an embrace of the existing fragmentation of the cyber norm ecosystem. Participants saw the variety of cyber norm efforts not as detrimental but rather as an opportunity to broaden the base of engaged stakeholders and to deepen understandings of normative expectations within relevant communities. At the same time, the workshop highlighted four weaknesses that constrain the effectiveness of these frameworks individually and collectively:

• Inherent characteristics of the cyber domain, especially its low barriers to entry to develop and to use cyber capabilities, that create serious multistakeholder cooperation problems, as states, corporations, proxy actors, and others all would need to adhere to norms
• A lack of transparency about state behavior, which creates an inability to measure norm adherence to differentiate “aspirational norms” from actual “norms” and, within the latter category, to assess the breadth and depth of conformance by relevant actors
• A dearth of great power cooperation to address this global public policy challenge, especially as geopolitics moves from identifying norms to internalizing them within the relevant state and other stakeholder communities
• A lack of clear incentives for internalizing norms—that is, articulating concrete benefits for adopting and internalizing one or more cyber norms or the costs that may follow a failure to do so

Four recommendations were given that can address these issues:

1. Focused research on specific cyber norms to measure their alignment with actual behavior in cyberspace and identification of potential gaps between them and among existing accords.
2. A shared global database of cyber processes that can improve transparency on what each process does, who participates, and how its work is received in other processes (that is, what sort of cross-pollination is occurring versus triggering competing or conflicting norm proposals). For example, Carnegie’s Cyber Norms Index already tracks existing multilateral and bilateral accords relating to cyber norms.
3. Research efforts to identify a menu of incentives to promote norm adoption and implementation, including a list of potential consequences that can follow cases of nonconformance.
4. More multistakeholder engagement with great powers on exercising their power responsibly to improve the identification and operation of cyber norms for states and other stakeholder groups (for example, industry, civil society).”

Report URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Cyberspace_and_Geopolitics_Carnegie_v1_web.pdf (Links to an external site.)

Report Requirements:

• The report must be between 1,300 to 1,500 words (excluding citations and including an abstract).
• Critique one or more of the recommendations given, discuss why you think it is the right approach or not.
• The report must include a complete bibliography and in-text citation in APA format.
• A minimum of 5 references is required – You cannot use this main paper as a reference.
• The paper should be based on the recommendations. Feel free to align the challenges to a specific industry/sector. (Couple of examples were given in the discussion: such as Elections, and State attacks)
• You cannot copy and paste someone else opinion, research, etc. Your writing MUST be original. But you are allowed to leverage someone else’s work. (You must make it clear, it is someone’s work by given appropriate credit, and proper citation).
• Quoting someone’s work (even when credit/proper citation is given) is not original writing. As such, this paper cannot have more than 10% meaning (130 – 150 words) as a direct quotation.
• UPLOAD your submission to Turn it in.
  • I will take points off for any similarity index above 15%.
  • If the similarity is more than 60%. I will automatically grade the entire submission as ZERO.
  • To allow you to comply with the submission and Turn It In similarity index. Everyone can upload their paper to Turn It In multiple times until they are satisfied. However, delete your prior submissions, and ensure only your final version ready to be graded is available on Canvas.
  • You should upload your paper with its references and bibliography – If you did your referencing correct, Turn It In will not use it for similarity index. I have already disabled doing so.

     For this paper you will propose a research project to study some aspect of human – animal interactions taking a perspective from one of the following disciplines: sociology, economics, political science, psychology, criminal justice, social work, or communications (the study must involve humans – it cannot be strictly on animal behavior).
    NOTE: You are only writing a proposal – you do not have to conduct the actual study!
    Your paper will be 10-15 double spaced numbered pages, Times-Roman 12 point font, one inch
margins, and stapled together (no clips, folders, or plastic covers
    Your paper should include the following six sections with BOLDED section headings:
 1 page: Overview
 

o A research question that should be clearly stated (as a question!) and bolded.
o A brief discussion on why you think this is an important question
o What is the social science discipline you’re focusing on and why you think that is the best 

framework to consider your question  1-2 pages: Methods 

o A discussion of which research methodology you would use to collect your data o Why you think that would be the best way to collect data to answer your research 

question.
o How you would recruit subjects. For example, if you were conducting a study on zoos (a 

topic you CANNOT use) you may say you would:    interview all of the directors of AZA accredited zoos in the U.S.
    have the first 50 people, who were at least 13 years old, that were entering the
Columbus Zoo on a given date complete your survey.
    prepare an email letter, with a link to an online survey, that would be sent to all
members of the Toledo Zoo
    invite teachers K-12 to participate in focus groups on how they use the Cleveland
Zoo, or resources from the zoo, in teaching their students  4-7 pages: Literature Review
 

o Should include 7-10 sources with a minimum of 6 peer reviewed journal articles. Please note: one of the most consistent reasons for points being deducted is for doing an Annotated Bibliography instead of a Lit Review. There are guides to Lit Reviews, as well as a sample Lit Review (though you can skip the running head!), on Isidore. 

 1-2 pages: Challenges
o What are potential problems or challenges you may run into if you were to conduct this 

research
o You can include ethical issues, subject recruitment, etc. 

 1 page: Role of Theory
o This will be a generic discussion of the role that theory plays in research (it will have 

nothing to do with your topic)
o In addition to class discussions, the role of theory in research is covered in the pdf of 

powerpoints, and some of the readings, for exam #1
o You should think of this part of your proposal as addressing the 4th learning objectives on 

page one of the syllabus. 

    

1-2 pages: Future Research
o Pick two of the following four categories: Race, Gender, Social Class, and Location 

(where you live – for example, suburban, urban, rural) and in 1-2 paragraphs for each category address the following 

 Identify a research question that connects how the category may influence your topic in general (you should also bold the text of the research question). 

 For example, if the overall topic is exotic pets and the category is Location, you could ask: Are people who live in countries where tigers are native less likely to keep them as pets? 

 In a paragraph explain what you think the answer may be and why.    You should also include
    A title page with: you name, your research question, the disciple you are using, and the format/style you are using (APA, ASA, or MLA – if you want to use another style, check with me first)
    A bibliography page at the end of the paper
    Stapled to the end of your paper, the outline for the proposal. The outline is due no later than
class on on Tuesday, March 13th (you may turn it in earlier if you wish). The outline should include the following:
 Your research question
 The field of study you will be focusing on (sociology, psychology, economics, etc.)  Your methodology
 Citations for at least 2 peer-reviewed journal articles for you Lit Review
    The grading rubric for the proposal should be inserted loosely into the paper (you can print it back to back or staple together the 2 pages)
    Page numbers, beginning with 1, after the title page
    There is a folder under Isidore titled “Paper Assist.” Here you will find resources as well as the paper
rubric which you must print out and insert loosely into your paper.
    Papers are due Tuesday, April 10th
    If your paper is not turned in by the time I dismiss class on the day they are due, they are
officially late
    Late papers may be turned in by the end of the next class period with a 15 point deduction
    I will not accept papers by email
    Late papers must be put in my mailbox and must be signed by someone in the Sociology office
with the date and time the paper was being turned in
 

First, read the following documents, attached bellow  

“Dilemmas Facing High-Achieving Career Women”

“The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the ‘Female” Professions’”

 

Second, reflect on the discussion prompts provided below—specifically integrating the above readings into your discussion. You do not need to formally cite your sources, but should make sure that your representation of information is accurate. Be sure to answer all parts of the prompt.

 

Requirements

Reflections should be typed, one page (minimum), single-spaced , Times New Roman font, name at the top, paragraphs with a minimum of four sentences. 

 

Discussion prompts:

Drawing on course materials, describe the meaning of the glass ceiling experienced by working women, and the glass escalatorexperienced by working men. Based on your reading of the articles for this week, how, specifically, do women experience the glass ceiling, and how do men experience the glass escalator? Discuss at least two specific examples of both experiences. Additionally, how does the public tend to view men who work in female-dominated positions? Based on what you know about gender inequality and workplaces in general, discuss two potential policies/practices that you can envision reducing some part of workplace gender inequality. What would it take to enforce the changes you propose?

 

 

• The body of knowledge is Management field is ever expanding. Effective management requires keeping current in one’s field. The purpose of this assignment is to introduce you to popular literature and research in management. Using our library resources, locate article(s) that describes or deals with one of the topics related to our course. Submit a brief (2-3 pages, single space) summary. A total of four (4) summaries are required. See the Course Schedule for due dates. Include the following information
  • Course Name and Number, Course Section, Date (2 points)
  • Your name
  • What caught your interest or why did you decide to summarize the article(s)? (3 points)
  • The summary of articles (5 points)
  • You conclusions or take away from the item (3 points)
  • Reference/Citation-Minimum 3 for each paper (2 points)

The reachers is about Managing Entrepreneurial Ventures. (pleas make sure to use simple English.)