Provide an outline as to why the culture of a country may impact the costs of doing business in that country. Explain your answer and provide examples that enhance your point(s).

What strategy was Procter & Gamble pursuing when it first entered foreign markets

Reread the Management Focus, “Evolution of Strategy at Procter & Gamble,” and then answer the following questions:
What strategy was pursuing when it first entered in the period up until the 1980s?
Why do you think this strategy became less viable in the 1990s?
What strategy does P&G appear to be moving toward? What are the benefits of this strategy? What are the potential risks associated with it?

Management FOCUS: Evolution of Strategy at Procter & Gamble
Founded in 1837, Cincinnati-based Procter & Gamble has long been one of the world’s most international of companies. Today P&G is a global colossus in the consumer products business with annual sales in excess of $50 billion, some 54 percent of which are generated outside of the United States. P&G sells more than 300 brands—including Ivory soap, Tide, Pampers, Iams pet food, Crisco, and Folgers—to consumers in 160 countries. Historically the strategy at P&G was well established. The company developed new products in Cincinnati and then relied on semi-autonomous foreign subsidiaries to manufacture, market, and distribute those products in different nations. In many cases, foreign subsidiaries had their own production facilities and tailored the packaging, brand name, and marketing message to local tastes and preferences. For years this strategy delivered a steady stream of new products and reliable growth in sales and profits. By the 1990s, however, profit growth at P&G was slowing.
The essence of the problem was simple: P&G’s costs were too high because of extensive duplication of manufacturing, marketing, and administrative facilities in different national subsidiaries. The duplication of assets made sense in the world of the 1960s, when national markets were segmented from each other by barriers to cross-border trade. Products produced in Great Britain, for example, could not be sold economically in Germany due to high tariff duties levied on imports into Germany. By the 1980s, however, barriers to cross-border trade were falling rapidly worldwide and fragmented national markets were merging into larger regional or global markets. Also, the retailers through which P&G distributed its products were growing larger and more global, such as Walmart, Tesco from the United Kingdom, and Carrefour from France. These emerging global retailers were demanding price discounts from P&G.
In the 1990s P&G embarked on a major reorganization in an attempt to control its cost structure and recognize the new reality of emerging global markets. The company shut down some 30 manufacturing plants around the globe, laid off 13,000 employees, and concentrated production in fewer plants that could better realize economies of scale and serve regional markets. It wasn’t enough! Profit growth remained sluggish so in 1999 P&G launched its second reorganization of the decade. Named “Organization 2005,” the goal was to transform P&G into a truly global company. The company tore up its old organization, which was based on countries and regions, and replaced it with one based on seven self-contained global business units, ranging from baby care to food products. Each business unit was given complete responsibility for generating profits from its products, and for manufacturing, marketing, and product development. Each business unit was told to rationalize production, concentrating it in fewer larger facilities; to try to build global brands wherever possible, thereby eliminating marketing differences between countries; and to accelerate the development and launch of new products. P&G announced that as a result of this initiative, it would close another 10 factories and lay off 15,000 employees, mostly in Europe where there was still extensive duplication of assets. The annual cost savings were estimated to be about $800 million. P&G planned to use the savings to cut prices and increase marketing spending in an effort to gain market share, and thus further lower costs through the attainment of scale economies. This time the strategy seemed to be working. For most of the 2000s P&G reported strong growth in both sales and profits. Significantly, P&G’s global competitors, such as Unilever, Kimberly-Clark, and Colgate-Palmolive, were struggling during the same time period.
Sources: J. Neff, “P&G Outpacing Unilever in Five-Year Battle,” Advertising Age, November 3, 2003, pp. 1–3; G. Strauss, “Firm Restructuring into Truly Global Company,” USA Today, September 10, 1999, p. B2; Procter & Gamble 10K Report, 2005; and M. Kolbasuk McGee, “P&G Jump-Starts Corporate Change,” Information Week, November 1, 1999, pp. 30–34.

Let’s start this week’s discussion with identifying who makes up the baby boomer generation. Please research and post statistics about the baby boomer generation.

Let’s start by reviewing the financial picture of the long-term care (LTC) industry. Who are the main payers? What are some of the main financial challenges that the industry is facing?

Do the Internet and international e-commerce change the choice of using a transnational strategy that has historically been successful for firms expanding globally? Would it make a difference if a firm relied heavily on traditional business channels versus just e-commerce?

From the perspective of a domestic firm, what are the advantages and disadvantages of licensing the rights to the company’s production process and trademark to a firm in a foreign country? What are some of the ways that a firm can reduce the risk of losing its proprietary know-how to foreign companies through licensing agreements?

 

  

 

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Watch the video essay using a Marxist analysis to analyze Sponge Bob Square Pants and think about the subtext of your favorite pop culture works. Find another popular culture “text” (this can be film, youtube video, TikTok, music song, anything related to pop culture) and write a 2 pages essay (MLA format) OR a video essay similar to the Sponge Bob video essay analyzing the subtext of the work in question.

Consider some of the following questions:

1. How is a particular ideology expressed in the pop culture text?

2. Why do you think that ideology is represented in this context?

3. What purpose does the pop culture text serve?
The video URL:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1K4zTsKovEo#action=share

1 Under what employment circumstances might you be interested in joining a union?

2 If you were a manager trying to convince your employees not to form a union, what might you say to them?