Read each paragraph and give me your opinion do you agree do you disagree with those 4 paragraphs one for each part and if you agree or disagree why or why not

1. When it comes to complaints/litigations against law enforcement their actions could primarily fall under tort liability. A tort describes a civil wrongdoing resulting from an intentional act on the part of the alleged wrongdoer. Police get hit with all types of allegations from police brutality to harassment. Under tort law injuries suffered by civil parties don’t have to be always physical. The harm done could be claimed to be emotional or a mere violation of personal rights. An violation of personal rights could be refusal to seek counsel when asked upon while being questioned, not letting an individual make a one time phone call after being arrested to being held for a long time without proper accomendations. There are 3 major differences between criminal law cases and tort law cases:

1.) Parties- tort cases are usually commenced by a plaintiff and victim of the wrongful conduct

2.) Burden of proof- in tort law cases plaintiffs evidence must show that it is more likely than not that the defendant caused plaintiff to suffer injuries

3.) Outcome- tort law cases usually seek monetary compensation for their injuries although sometime non-physical referring them injuries due to( pain& suffering)

Tort law cases result mostly from negligence or violation of statutes.There are four elements to tort laws which are duty, breach of duty, causation and injury. Law enforcement under tort laws can be charged with either negligence, strict liability or intentional torts. Depending on the injury a tort liability can be aimed at the officer individually or can affect the entire police department as a whole if the injury is found to be a reach of duty. There are ways officers can avoid these types of liabilities and that would be to follow strict protocol/procedure. Law enforcement officers are bond to make ethical and moral decisions when it comes to protecting and serving the citizens in their communities remembering to treat all suspects as humans and respecting their rights is one way of avoiding civil liability when it comes to tort laws.

Another example of tort liability is if a person is arrested and conmvicted of driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs. The person could be held liable under tort law for potentially enabling/causing an accident that could have possibily injured others (even if a crime was not committed) the person could be charged for negligence and fined which could result in monetary compensation being paid to the state in which the DUI occured.

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2. Tort is defined as a civil wrong in which the action of one person causes injury to the person or property of another, in violation of a legal duty imposed by law ( R. del Carmen, 2014, Criminal Procedure Law and Practice). There are two types of torts. One is intentional tort and the second is negligence tort. Intentional tort occurs when there is intentional harm or mental coercion on another person ( R. del Carmen, 2014). There are five forms of intentional torts that are generally brought against officers. One is false arrest/imprisonment, two is assault and battery, three is excessive use of force that is considered nondeadly, four the use of force that is considered deadly force, and five which is wrongful death. The second type of tort is negligent tort which does not involve any intent from the officer but is instead the failure to act according to law to stop possible forseeable harm that may occur from an individual’s conduct. Examples of negligent torts are liability for failing to protect a member of society, liability for negligent use by police vehicles, liability for injury caused by a fleeing motorist, liability of failing to respond to a call, and liability for failure to arrest drunk individuals. When it comes to negligent torts these would fall on the individual officers. These fall under decisions based upon failure of the act which makes the liability on the officer not the department. Intentional torts can fall on either on the individual officer or the department. In some cases the liability can fall on both with exceptions such as assault and battery which would only fall on the individual officer.

Things that can be done to articulate ways to eliminate and avoid civil liabilities from law enforcement would be to offer extensive training and knowledge to officers on how to properly handle all situations. Another way would be for departments to educate the public on what to expect and how to respond when they encounter law enforcement officers. The overall impact of tort liability in the criminal justice is that a lot of issues are not dealt with and are swept under the rug to protect the officer, the department, or both. This leads to citizens fearing, distrusting, or disliking the police. This can also lead to situations being taken to the courts causing possible injustice for both sides.

3. The topic I chose was woman equality. I researched the wage gap and how it has been fought and changed over the years. It is a long process overdue but slowly there has been change. United States is one of 32 countries that does not include woman in the constitution for explicit gender equality guarantee. The wage gap shows woman make .78 cents for every dollar earned on average by men, per the U.S. Census Bureau. That gap, though, is worse for women of color: Black women make 64 cents and Latinas make 56 cents for every dollar earned by a white man. Today, a new revitalized movement to ratify the ERA is gaining steam. To the women and men behind the push, including an unlikely alliance of politicians, it is unfinished business they want to see completed. It’s long overdue, they say, and would prove to the world that women in the United States matter.

4.The topic I chose for the Measuring Diversity was the diversity within the Farmington Hills Police Department.This learner has chosen to evaluate diversity within law enforcement; specifically within the Farmington Hills Police Department. In addition, this learner will evaluate how affirmative action policy is utilized to encourage diversity and upward mobility within the police department. The topic of diversity and affirmative action within law enforcement is integral to the course and cultural diversity in that it examines the community of law enforcement and breaking the glass ceiling in this organized agency. Next this learner looked at researching diversity and touched on a few key points. In order to properly research and evaluate diversity and the use of affirmative action in Farmington Hills Police Department data must be gathered. This learner will evaluate data gathered by utilizing informal interviews and questionnaire as measuring tools. Informal interviews are integral as it provides essential information without having to directly ask the hard questions. This learner also touched on Demographics and Social Economic Status.

Out of the 102 officers that work for the department, none of them work in the nearby major city which is Detroit. Most the police officers that work for Farmington Hills are Caucasian and they live in the suburbs or further north in a rural area of Michigan. Followed by that was Education and Rank which entailed The Farmington Hills Police Department requires you to have at least some college experience to get accepted with the department. There are currently 15 officers in the positions of Sergeants and Lieutenants. Out of the 80 plus officers that are not in a supervisory position, one of them will be promoted as the rank and command staff retire.In the third tier of the paper, this learner touched on recommendations to increase diversity and sociological concepts/Theory. Ways to increase diversity within the department is to look at bigger urban department and recruit those more experienced officers by showing how the same job is much safer policing a suburban city and make more money while doing so. Lastly Sociological concepts and theories that will be utilized are community, bureaucracy, and labeling theory. This learner found it quite interesting how diverse the department is compared to bigger inner city departments.

Assignment Guidelines: All assignments should use 1-inch margins and 12-point Times New Roman font. Assignments should be doubled spaced. For instances where you need to cite, use APA formatting for your citations. All assignments will be submitted to Canvas. For the final paper, your paper must be at least 10 pages AND 3,000 words. The page and word counts do not include the following sections: title page, abstract, and bibliography. Please note that you can take a comparative approach to your work – what might be applicable from other cultures in American Culture? What might not be applicable and why?

NOTE: Your final paper MUST be on a topic directly related to what we cover in class. If you have a topic not covered, you must discuss it directly with the instructor to receive permission. Your final paper must also include information from TWO research-based course readings. These do not count toward your final 10-15 academic sources.

This assignment should be at least ten pages in length. For this draft, you should include an early version of your introduction, literature review, conclusion, and bibliography. As with the final paper, the introduction should set up a history/background of the topic, which can include a discussion of the impact of the topic (who/what does it affect) and a broad discussion of social science methods. You should also introduce the three major themes that you will be discussing in the literature review. (Select the academic articles that you want to look at on three themes relevant to your broader topic. For instance, if you want to study education as a major topic, you might be interested in family dynamics, gender, and immigration. You will center your writing around these themes, using academic research to build a case and make points about the state of your topic in American culture.) For your conclusion, recap your overall discussion and the major points of the literature review. What does this tell us about your topic overall? How does the information fit together to portray the state of American culture? Reestablish the impact of the topic. Also cover any future directions that research should move in. Are there unanswered questions? Unstudied populations? Avoid using first person. Do not say, “I want to discuss,” or similar things. Focus on the topic and the themes, not you or your experiences. You should have at least fifteen academic sources in your rough draft, though you can have more than ten.

This is graduate level work.     Before you place a bid, please ensure that you understand that this is graduate level work, and is APA format.  Also, you must proof read your own work (Sorry but I had some issues before on here, and the “tutor” asked me to proof read and make corrections”.  Thank you.  650 Words minimum, APA Format, 2 Reference.  

Case 11: Paying for the Actual Position

After Ronald Stillman was hired as a sales manager in a Staples store, he spent much of his time doing tasks normally assigned to an hourly employee, such as stocking shelves, sweeping floors, and waiting on customers. He also worked more than 40 hours a week but wasn’t paid overtime.

In a 2009 decision in Stillman v. Staples, Inc., a jury awarded Stillman and about 350 other current or former Staples employees more than $2.4 million in unpaid overtime compensation. The court ruled that Staples had failed to prove that the managers were exempt employees, and because the employees had worked more than 40 hours a week, they were entitled to overtime pay.

From 2000 to 2004, senior management at Staples had studied the sales manager position and found that, on average, sales managers performed more hourly than managerial tasks. In 2002, for example, the study found that Staples’s sales managers spent nearly two-thirds of their time on hourly tasks.

Also, sales managers had no authority to adjust associates’ pay or discipline them without the approval of a general manager and no discretion to deviate from certain company policies.

During the trial it was learned that Staples’s HR department was unaware that the company had conducted a study of the sales manager position earlier and had no exit-interview data to suggest why sales managers had left the company. Also, it could not demonstrate whether employees agreed that the actual job duties were as described in the job description.

Question

If you were the employer, what would you have done to avoid this situation? 

Case: Stillman v. Staples, Inc., Civil Action No. 07-849 (KSH), U.S. Dist., New Jersey (Lexis 42247)

A great deal of controversy has surrounded the phenomenon of “false memory syndrome” and the implications that it has had in our society, particularly in the legal realm. One of the most influential psychologists in the area of memory and eye witness testimony is Dr. Elizabeth Loftus, who has spent three decades as a research psychologist and memory expert in legal cases. To learn more about the controversy surrounding “false memory syndrome,” visit the online LA Weekly website at https://www.laweekly.com/memory-and-manipulation/

What kind of implications do particular limitations of human memory have on the use of eye-witness testimony in criminal and civil court cases?

-300 WORDS

There is no word count on these questions. They just need to be answered thoroughly, cited as needed, and referenced.

1. What are some of the areas of a client’s life that might help a counselor develop/identify patterns of mental illness in a case conceptualization? How does the client’s developmental stage help guide treatment and interventions?

2.How do patterns of mental illness differ according to population? Name examples where one psychological symptom could be interpreted in two different ways based on age/gender/identified problem.

3.Study the “Case Formulation and the Diagnostic Process” media piece. Now, summarize the process of assessment, diagnosing, and treatment in your own words. What are some implications for not including the client in the creation of an effective treatment plan? How does the therapist support the client for beneficial behaviors to progress towards treatment goals? The link: 1. Case Formulation and the Diagnostic process https://lc.gcumedia.com/mediaElements/gcu-sequence-application/v1.1/?case-formulation-and-the-diagnostic-process

4. How are treatment goals/objectives influenced by a therapist’s theory of choice? Cite two examples of how the counseling theory being utilized in therapy could dramatically alter treatment goals. Give an example or describe a reason that would prompt you to make a referral.