solving study guide of biology 2

1. Define atmospheric pressure:

2. Define intra-alveolar pressure:

3. Define intrapleural pressure:

4. Fill in the figure on pressures important to ventilation:

5. Why is intra-pleural pressure sub atmospheric?

6. What is a pneumothorax?

7. What are the major muscles of inspiration?

8. What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

9. What are the muscles on active expiration?

10. Why are there no major muscles of expiration?

11. Define forced or active expiration:

12. Fill in the figure:

Inspiration Expiration

13. What is the equation for airway resistance?

14. What factors produce broncho constriction?

1. Physiological control factors:

2. Pathological factors:

15. What factors produce bronchodilation?

1. Physiological control factors:

2. Pathological factors:

16. Define COPD and list the diseases that fall under this umbrella:

17. What are the main contributing factors the elasticity of the lungs?

18. What is pulmonary surfactant, where does it come from, and what is its function?

19. In what stage of life is pulmonary surfactant particularly important, and why?

20. Fill in the figure on lung volumes by listing the name (not just the abbreviation), amount, and a written definition of each volume measurement:

21. Why does hyperventilation decrease alveolar ventilation, while pulmonary ventilations stays the same?

22. How do local controls match airflow to blood flow?

23. What is the partial pressure gradient, and how is it important to the rate of gas exchange in the lungs?

24. Name and describe three other factors that effect gas exchange:.

25. How is gas transported in the blood?

26. What is the significance of the plateau portion of the oxygen hemoglobin curve?

27. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

28. Name and defined the four general categories of hypoxia?