TOPIC: Historical Review of Epidemiology

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TOPIC: Historical Review of Epidemiology

Key individuals and historical events have helped shape the field of epidemiology. Research the following individuals and their roles in shaping contemporary epidemiology:

  1. John Graunt
  2. James Lind
  3. Edward Jenner
  4. Ignaz Semmelweis
  5. John Snow

Choose three of the individuals from your research. In a 1,000-1,250 word paper, describe the epidemiological advancements that were influenced by these individuals. Include the following:

  1. Describe the disease and the event. Using descriptive epidemiology, discuss how common the disease was at the time, who was infected, when it occurred (time of year or season), and the mode of transmission. If the individual is not associated with a specific disease, discuss a significant disease happening during that period.
  2. Discuss how the individuals influenced or advanced epidemiological methods and the process they used to describe and control disease. Discuss how their contributions helped to inform the definition of epidemiology. Consider whether they used qualitative, quantitative, or both types of data collection methods, and the approach they used to test their hypotheses.
  3. Discuss how similar epidemiological methods have been used to understand one current public health issue (not one for each individual). Discuss the key research studies used to understand the risk factors associated with the problem or disease. Two potential examples include lung cancer (Doll and Hill, 1950) or cardiovascular disease and the Framingham Heart Study (Drawber, Meadors, & Moore, 1950; Kannel, 2000).

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide.

RESOURCES

Read Chapters 1, 2, and 6 in Gordis Epidemiology.

Read “Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung,” by Doll and Hill, from British Medical Journal (1950). URL: https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.lopes.idm.oclc.org/pmc/articles/PMC2038856/pdf/brmedj03566-0003.pdf

Read “The Training of Epidemiologists and Diversity in Epidemiology: Findings from the 2006 Congress of Epidemiology Survey,” by Carter-Pokras et al., from Annals of Epidemiology (2009). URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S104727970900060X

Watch “Epidemiology the Backbone of Public Health,” by Greg Martin (2017), located on the YouTube website. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5XRh47T420

Read “The Framingham Study: ITS 50-Year Legacy and Future Promise,” by Kannel, from Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (2000). URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jat1994/6/2/6_2_60/_pdf

Read “Epidemiological Background and Design: The Framingham Study,” located on the Framingham Heart Study website. URL: https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/fhs-about/history/epidemiological-background/

Read “Epidemiological Approaches to Heart Disease: The Framingham Study,” by Dawber, Meadors, and Moore, from American Journal of Public Health (1951). URL:http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525365/pdf/amjphnation00421-0020.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm10VqiSJ6tLAYY0TMfm15VR8M93MA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr

View “Global Disease Detectives,” by the Center for Global Health (2013), located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/cdctv/dataandstatistics/disease-detectives.html

Read “Section 2: Historical Evolution of Epidemiology,” from Lesson 1 of  the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) self-study course, Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice (2012), located on the CDC website. URL:https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section2.html

Explore the CDC Current Outbreak List page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/index.html

Explore the Epidemic Intelligence Service page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/eis/index.html

Explore the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index.html

Assessment – Management of Care

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Assessment – Management of Care

Prioritization is an important skill to gain as a nurse. Consider this scenario and discuss how you will prioritize your day. Complete the following using the table on page 2:

· In which order will you visit the patients after morning report?  Place the patients in order in the first column – you can use the diagnosis in parenthesis for identification of patient 1, 2, etc.)

· Below the table, write a paragraph as to the rationale for the order of patient visits.

· In column 2, identify 3 priority cares/interventions for each patient

· In column 3, provide rationale as to why you are doing that activity/intervention and why it is a priority.

· In column 4, identify who the activity/intervention could be delegated to (who could be asked to complete)

Scenario: The nurse’s assignment includes five patients with the following diagnoses and conditions:

1. A 65 y/o 8 hours post-op — a partial colectomy and has a history of COPD. The patient has a urinary catheter, NG tube to low intermittent suction, and IV fluids infusing. S/he has a fever of 101 degrees F and crackles in both lung bases. (Colectomy/COPD)

 

2. A 48 y/o female is receiving blood transfusions for hemolytic anemia; she is currently stable. (Hemolytic Anemia)

 

3. A 55 y/o male was admitted through the emergency department (ED) during the night with a cough, fever, and general malaise. The patient’s history indicates possible exposure to TB; he is currently in an airborne isolation room awaiting sputum culture results. (Possible TB)

 

4. A 78 y/o male was transferred out of the ICU yesterday following an acute MI with complications of ventricular tachycardia and pulmonary edema. The patient is on telemetry and is currently in a normal sinus rhythm and his CHF is resolving. (MI/CHF)

 

5. A 16 y/o patient with new type 1 diabetes mellitus who plans on being discharged home after lunch. The diabetic education is not yet complete and discharge instructions are pending. (T1DM)

Grading:

10 points – order of visiting patients is appropriate with good rationale. (5 points order, 5 points rationale)

30 points – identifies 3 priority activities/interventions to complete with each patient and there is good rationale as to why you would do that activity/intervention (1 point each activities/interventions, 1 points each rationale)

15 points – accurately identifies persons who can be assigned to complete the activity/intervention (1 point for each activity/intervention correctly assigned)

Priorities of Visits and Activities/Interventions

Order to Visit Activities/

Interventions

 Rationale for the activities/interventions one is doing for the patient RN, LPN, or UAP
1st patient to visit:

 

 1. 1. 1.
  2. 2. 2.
  3. 3. 3.
2nd patient to visit:

 

 1. 1. 1.
  2. 2. 2.
  3. 3. 3.
3rd patient to visit:

 

 1. 1. 1.
  2. 2. 2.
  3. 3. 3.
4th patient to visit:

 

 1. 1. 1.
  2. 2. 2.
  3. 3. 3.
5th patient to visit:

 

 1. 1. 1.
  2. 2. 2.
  3. 3. 3.

 

Rationale for order of visit:

Essential III: Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice

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This week, reflect on your perception of healthcare delivery models and the nurse’s role in public health programs as it has evolved over the course of your RN-BSN program at WCU. Identify specific healthcare delivery models you support, and compare and contrast public health programs you are familiar with. How does your academic work support evidence of meeting the following?

Essential III: Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice

  • Outcome #2: Demonstrate an understanding of the basic elements of the research process and models for applying evidence to clinical practice.
  • Outcome #5: Participate in the process of retrieval, appraisal, and synthesis of evidence in collaboration with other members of the healthcare team to improve patient outcomes.
  • Outcome #6: Integrate evidence, clinical judgment, interprofessional perspectives, and patient preferences in planning, implementing, and evaluating outcomes of care.
  • Outcome #7: Collaborate in the collection, documentation, and dissemination of evidence.

Review your past academic work, evaluate your effectiveness at meeting this program essential, and ponder the impact that this proficiency will have on your future.

Identify how you met the essential by referring to the assignment(s) specifically in your response. Additionally, reflect on and make connections between your academic experience and real-world applications.

Recommended: Refer to work you completed for NURS 561 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and NURS 350 Research in Nursing, as well as other courses, to gather academic examples and evidence of having met this essential.

Your reflection should be 1-1/2  and APA formatted. Cite at least 1 reference .

you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug.

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When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease.
For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug.
To Prepare
• Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
• Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.
• Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.
• Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Post a description of the patient case from your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples.

As a nurse practitioner, you prescribe medications for your patients. You make an error when prescribing medication to a 5-year-old patient. Rather than dosing him appropriately, you prescribe a dose suitable for an adult

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As a nurse practitioner, you prescribe medications for your patients. You make an error when prescribing medication to a 5-year-old patient. Rather than dosing him appropriately, you prescribe a dose suitable for an adult.
Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
• Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.
• Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario you selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state.
• Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation.
• Explain the process of writing prescriptions, including strategies to minimize medication errors.
: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The College of Nursing Writing Template with Instructions provided at the Walden Writing Ce

Design a PowerPoint presentation for high school aged students discussing normative aging changes, sexuality, STDs, and prevention

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Design a PowerPoint presentation for high school aged students discussing normative aging changes, sexuality, STDs, and prevention.

  • Discuss normal body changes that occur through puberty into young adulthood
  • Discuss specific STDs, causes, symptoms, complications, and treatment:

**You should include a slide or two for each of the following:  Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Herpes, HIV, Syphillis, HPV

  • Discuss pregnancy and prevention

The assignment should be submitted in PowerPoint format, with at least 10 content slides (in addition to a title slide and reference slide) and include at least two scholarly sources other than provided materials.

Describe major changes that occurs on the neurological system associated to age. Include changes on central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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  • Describe major changes that occurs on the neurological system associated to age. Include changes on central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
  • Define delirium and dementia, specified similarities and differences and describe causes for each one.

Submission Instructions:

  • Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.

 

Supplemental Materials & Resources

  • Visit the CINAHL Complete under the A-to-Z Databases on the University Library’s website and locate the articles below:
    1. Wolf, L. A., Perhats, C., Delao, A. M., Altair, M., Moon, M. D., Clark, P. R. & Zavotsky, K. E. (2016). “It’s a burden to carry.” Describing moral distress in emergency nursing. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 41(1) 37-46.
    2. Johnstone, M. J. (2011). Nursing ethics and informed consent. Australian Nursing Journal, 19(5), 29-30.
  • Moral Distress, Moral Courage (Links to an external site.)
    Savel, R. H. & Munro, C. L. (2015). Moral distress, moral courage. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(4), 276-278. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2015738 at http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/24/4/276.full.pdf+html

 

Supplemental Materials & Resources

  • Visit the CINAHL Complete under the A-to-Z Databases on the University Library’s website and locate the articles below:
    1. Wolf, L. A., Perhats, C., Delao, A. M., Altair, M., Moon, M. D., Clark, P. R. & Zavotsky, K. E. (2016). “It’s a burden to carry.” Describing moral distress in emergency nursing. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 41(1) 37-46.
    2. Johnstone, M. J. (2011). Nursing ethics and informed consent. Australian Nursing Journal, 19(5), 29-30.
  • Moral Distress, Moral Courage (Links to an external site.)
    Savel, R. H. & Munro, C. L. (2015). Moral distress, moral courage. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(4), 276-278. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2015738 at http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/24/4/276.full.pdf+html

HA3220D – Health Information Systems Discussion 8.2: State Health Department Find the website for your state department of health and immunization registry. Think about the type of diseases reportable for your state. Post a summary of how a health care information system would be useful in collecting and reporting the data. Would you consider this to be primary or secondary data? Explain your reasoning. My state is Columbus, Georgia

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HA3220D – Health Information Systems

Discussion 8.2: State Health Department

Find the website for your state department of health and immunization registry. Think about the type of diseases reportable for your state.  Post a summary of how a health care information system would be useful in collecting and reporting the data. Would you consider this to be primary or secondary data? Explain your reasoning. My state is Columbus, Georgia

HA3300D – Healthcare Policy and Ethics

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HA3300D – Healthcare Policy and Ethics

 

Discussion 08: Harassment

 

Discussion

 

In Chapter 10 of your textbook, you explored the relationship between organizational culture and ethics. Keep this reading in mind as you respond to the following case study:

 

You are the director of a radiology department. During a routine individual meeting with one of your male staff, the employee tells you that a female employee has been making suggestive remarks to him, and occasionally grabbed and fondled him in a sexual manner. He said he asked her several times to stop this behavior as he was married and did not appreciate the behavior, particularly in a work setting. The behavior continued anyway. The male employee asks you not to report this further because he did not want to get the female employee in trouble and he brought it up only for ideas how to make her stop it.

 

Consider these questions in your 8 – 10 sentence discussion board post:

 

.What are your ethical obligations?

.What ethical theories apply to your situation, and why?

.Does the work of Carol Gilligan change how we should respond in this scenario? Why or why not?

Your initial post should be a minimum of 8 – 10 sentences and include an APA-style references list to ensure full credit.

 

 

Cross-Cultural Conundrum

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You are the manager of your local regional health clinic. You have a meeting with your Board of Trustees coming up in a few days. Your trustees have asked you to prepare a short presentation in response to an incident that occurred at your clinic just a few weeks ago:

A young Native American woman fell sustaining an injuring to her arm. After a week, her arm is still painful which causes her to visit a physician at your clinic. The physician orders tests, ascertains that there is no fracture, and decides to simply advise over-the-counter medication for inflammation and pain. Two weeks later the patient returns with the same issue at which time the physician believes that physical therapy will help the injured arm. While undergoing physical therapy, the patient also visits with a local healer who prescribes herbal treatments for the injury. The patient returns to see the physician after two weeks with an improvement in her injury. On her last visit she wanted to discuss her desire to use natural treatments in conjunction with physical therapy with the white doctor but did not. In fact, she has discussed very little with her doctor about her injury, how it has affected her ability to care for her children and elderly mother, etc. She does not fully trust the white doctor and has heard him sound skeptical concerning healers from her culture or other types of “non-traditional” treatments. The patient does, however, feel that natural remedies administered by healers help her.

For this assignment, either prepare a speech by typing the transcript in a Word document, OR prepare a brief (7-8 slide) PowerPoint presentation. In your speech/presentation, address the following questions:

.What ethical issues does this incident raise?

.Should you be involved in this issue at all, or is this a job for another part of your organization?

.Propose a solution to the conflict, supporting your plan using ethical concepts.