WEEK 4 DISCUSSION: AREAS UNDER THE CURVE

Let’s pull things together. So far, for data sets, you have calculated MEANS, VARIANCES and STANDARD DEVIATIONS as well as QUARTILES and used those to determine if any data re “UNUSUAL”. These would be data that are more than 2 standard deviations above or below the mean OR data that are more than 1.5 x IQR above and below the mean.

You have calculated FREQUENCY/RELATIVE FREQUENCY/CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY TABLES and with those you can determine how much of your data (or the probability that your data) are above or below a certain range (e.g., 21-30 or 51-60, etc.)

Currently, we are STANDARDIZING our raw data (x-values) to get z-values that are the number of standard deviations above or below the standardized mean of zero (the NORMAL DISTRIBUTION). We can use these z-values in our TABLE to determine the probability of data being BELOW (always to the LEFT) of a specific data value. Then, by subtracting that probability from 1.0000, we get the probability of data being ABOVE (to the right) of that data value. We can then see if any of the extreme data points (low end or high end) have a probability (from the Table) greater than or less than one of our “critical” +z-values (1%, 5% or 10%) which would make that data value “UNUSUAL”.

SO, SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW. Do the required calculations (SOFTWARE is fine for the calculation BUT USE THE ACTUAL TABLES FOR THE Z-VALUE PROBABILITIES) and fill in the Tables below.

1) Write down 11 numbers between 1 and 100. These can be whole numbers but we will assume this is CONTINUOUS data (not DISCRETE). Rank order them.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10 | 11
x-values										|

MEAN: ____, VARIANCE:____, STD DEV:____, Q1____, Q2____, Q3____, IQR____

2) Use those statistics to determine if any of your data values are “UNUSUAL”.

(a) Mean + 2 standard deviations = ____ and ___ . Unusual data values?____________

(b) Mean + 1.5 * IQR = _____ and _____. Unusual data values? _______________

3) Fill in this Frequency Table by putting you data points into the ranges given.

RANGE	FREQUENCY	RELATIVE FREQ.	CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQ
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100			(TOTAL MUST EQUAL 1.0 OR BE VERY CLOSE)

Using the above table:

(a) What percent of your data values are at or below 50: _______.

(b) What percent of your data are at or below between 61: ______ and at or below 90 : _______

(c) So, what percent are between 61 and 90? ______________

4) Lastly, let’s STANDARDIZE (z-values) the data (x-values)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10 | 11
x-values										|
z-values										|
Probability to LEFT*										| |
Probability to RIGHT*										| |

* From the z- TABLES (NOT SOFTWARE) determine the area to the LEFT of each standardized x-value. This is the PROBABILITY that our data is less than or equal to that data point. Subtract that area from 1.0000 to get the probability that our data are greater than that data points. Obviously, these two probabilities MUST add up to 1.0000 or 100% which accounts for all of our data.

OK, let’s see how probabilities determined from the z-values compare to those determined from the Frequency tables. We have the percent of data at or below 50 and the percent of data between 61 and 90

(a) STANDARDIZE “50, 61 and 90 ” using your data set’s statistics (i.e., mean and SD)

x-values	50	61	90
z-values
PROBABILITY*
from FREQUENCY TABLE

* From the z-Table these are the areas (probabilities) to the left of these data points.

(b) Subtracting the area (probability) to the left of 61 from the probability to the left of 90 gives us the probability of data being between 61 and 90. How do these probabilities compare to the Cumulative Relative Frequencies? _____________________

FOR REVIEWS: I REALIZE THAT YOU MAY NOT BE 100% SURE OF YOUR OWN CALCULATIONS HENCE NOT CONFIDENT IN PROVIDING GUIDA

Witchcraft trials have taken place throughout medieval history, in almost every continent, but particularly in Europe and North America. Pope Innocent VIII supported and encouraged seeking out witches and putting them on trial for their alleged heretical beliefs and behaviors. Many others wrote speeches and guides explaining how to catch, prosecute and punish witches (the most famous example being the Malleus Maleficarum). Based on the ideas presented by Innocent VIII, Johannes Nider and in the excerpt from the Malleus Maleficarum, was it possible for anyone accused of being a witch to receive a “fair” trial? Why or why not?

(Be sure to base your opinions firmly on the information provided in the required documents. You need to address each of the documents in your paper.)

Must be at least four full pages long (excluding title page, notes and bibliography).

NEED 4 REFERENCES, ONE MUST BE THIS SOURCE ——

• “Witchcraft Documents [15th Century]).” Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Accessed 15 August 2015. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/witches1.html.

***MLA FORMAT

Many of the concepts in managerial accounting were first developed for the manufacturing environment. Do you think the same concepts, such as variable costs, fixed costs, mixed costs, and job order costing, can also be applied to the service industry? Why or why not? Focus on a particular service or service industry and illustrate your position with specific examples.

Your well-written paper should meet the following requirements:

• Be 3-4 pages in length, not including the cover or reference pages.
• Formatted according to APA writing guidelines.
• Support your interpretation with evidence from the textbook and at least two scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles, other than the required article in the module readings. Utilize headings to organize the content in your work.

Topic: Science as a process

Material: Video clip of Dr. Stuart Firestein’s Ted show at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nq0_zGzSc8g

View the video clip as many time as you need. Your writing will be focusing on your reaction to his point of view. Make sure your writing reflects the new point of views and perspectives you have been presented by him. The writing will be typed and 500 words long. Be open minded in your writing, any new idea and observation is welcome to share.