First Topic–Amazing Facts about Sleep and Dreaming

Following are 20 amazing facts about sleep and dreaming that may surprise you. Select two of them and find a recent (within most recent five years) peer-reviewed scientific article (see Course Resources, e-Readings, Class Resources Psych 301) that addresses each of the two facts that you selected. Then review the article in one paragraph and discuss it in the next. In your post, restate the fact that you are writing about. I

1. Sleep deprivation produces higher levels of corticosterone, a stress hormone and fewer brain cells are produced. Also the nerve cell production (neurogenesis) is severely disturbed and may be what produces the cognitive deficits with people with prolonged sleep deprivation.

2. Some scientists believe we dream to fix experiences in long-term memory, that is, we dream about things worth remembering. Others reckon we dream about things worth forgetting – to eliminate overlapping memories that would otherwise clog up our brains.

3. Dreams, once thought to occur only during REM sleep, also occur in non-REM sleep, but to a lower degree. It’s possible there may not be a single moment of our sleep when we are actually dreamless.

4. Babies and young children experience more REM sleep than adolescents and young adults. The duration shortens as they age. Roughly 50 percent of a baby’s sleep is in the REM stage while adults experience only 20 percent of this stage during a sleep cycle.

5. Dreams, once thought to occur only during REM sleep, also occur (but to a lesser extent) in non-REM sleep phases. It’s possible there may not be a single moment of our sleep when we are actually dreamless.

6. REM dreams are characterised by bizarre plots, but non-REM dreams are repetitive and thought-like, with little imagery – obsessively returning to a suspicion you left your mobile phone somewhere, for example.

7. Certain types of eye movements during REM sleep correspond to specific movements in dreams, suggesting at least part of the dreaming process is analagous to watching a film.

8. No-one knows for sure if other species dream but some do have sleep cycles similar to humans.

9. Elephants sleep standing up during non-REM sleep, but lie down for REM sleep.

10. REM sleep may help developing brains mature. Premature babies have 75 per cent REM sleep, 10 per cent more than full-term bubs. Similarly, a newborn kitten puppy rat or hampster experiences only REM sleep, while a newborn guinea pig (which is much more developed at birth) has almost no REM sleep at all.

11. Seventeen hours of sustained wakefulness leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol-level of 0.05%.

12. Exposure to noise at night can suppress immune function even if the sleeper doesn’t wake. Unfamiliar noise, and noise during the first and last two hours of sleep, has the greatest disruptive effect on the sleep cycle.

13. The “natural alarm clock” which enables some people to wake up more or less when they want to is caused by a burst of the stress hormone adrenocorticotropin. Researchers say this reflects an unconscious anticipation of the stress of waking up.

14. Some sleeping tablets, such as barbiturates suppress REM sleep, which can be harmful over a long period.

15. Humans sleep on average around three hours less than other primates like chimps, rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys and baboons, all of whom sleep for 10 hours.

16. Ducks at risk of attack by predators are able to balance the need for sleep and survival, keeping one half of the brain awake while the other slips into sleep mode.

17. Some studies suggest women need up to an hour’s extra sleep a night compared to men, and not getting it may be one reason women are much more susceptible to depression than men.

18. As a group, 18 to 24 year-olds deprived of sleep suffer more from impaired performance than older adults.

19. The extra-hour of sleep received when clocks are put back at the start of daylight in Canada has been found to coincide with a fall in the number of road accidents.

20. The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off Alaska, the Challenger space shuttle disaster and the Chernobyl nuclear accident have all been attributed to human errors in which sleep-deprivation played

Module 6 Assignment
https://legacy.saylor.org/hist101/Unit09/ HYPERLINK “https://legacy.saylor.org/hist101/Unit09/” (Links to an external site.)
Click on the link above and then click on Unit 9. Read through each of the links listed below. Take one page of notes from each of the following links listed below. For this assignment, you will submit 5 pages of notes (bullet points are ok). Number and title each section so that it is clear there are 5 distinct pages. Double spacing is allowed. These notes must be in your own words, and they must demonstrate your mastery and understanding of the material. Your submission must be as an attachment in Word, pdf, or rtf format.

1. The Birth of the Islamic Civilization
2. The Birth of Islam
3. Understanding Islam
4. The Umayyads: The First Muslim Dynasty
5. Sunnis and Shiites

Power Point
Create a Power Point of 15 slides that cover the most significant people, events, and locations from Module 6. Use at least three outside sources beyond the class material and include a Works Cited as slide #16. Pictures, maps, and explanations must be included. Detail and thoroughness will be a significant part of your grade.

Assignment 2: Reflection 1

Interpersonal effectiveness is a broad topic that entails many aspects of how we view and interact with the world. In each module, you will take in a great amount of information from a variety of sources—your reading, media presentations, case studies, etc. In addition to graded reflection activities, you are encouraged to keep a journal through the course to reflect on how what you learn applies to your life as a person, professional, and student. This module, your graded reflection activity will focus on your own interpersonal effectiveness and propose ways that you can improve areas of weakness.

For this assignment, you must submit a brief reflection paper to the Submissions Area. Before you start, choose a partner to interview, someone who is close to you that can provide you with serious feedback about your interpersonal effectiveness. This person may be a close friend, family member, or significant other. Explain each of the four components of interpersonal effectiveness to your partner (competence, mindfulness, emotional intelligence and ethics). Ask your partner how they feel you are doing in each component. (Take notes!) What do you do well, what needs attention or improvement?

You should write your reflection paper using Microsoft Word, double-spaced, and using a 12-point font. Provide a reference for any sources, such as your textbook, at the end of your paper. This paper should be about 1–2 pages in length. Please make sure that you are including the terms and concepts from your readings and course site to support your reflection.

Consider the four components of interpersonal effectiveness, competence, emotional intelligence, mindfulness and ethics. Think about how you are doing in each of these components. How does your friend/partner think you are doing on each of these components? Where are you doing well? Where do you need some practice?

1. How do each of these tenets of interpersonal communication affect you in the following areas: (Please write at least ½ page for these.)
   1. Personally?
   2. Academically?
   3. Professionally?
2. Summarize two key insights from this assignment. What do you know now about your behavior and interpersonal effectiveness that you didn’t know before? (Please write at least ½ page for this.)
3. Looking back at the goals that you set for yourself, what new behaviors can you practice that will help you reach them? Explain. (Please write at least ½ page for this.)

Please answer the following two questions in a form of essay:

Inventory Management:

In a one page Essay, explain to me what
are holding costs and inventory costs, and explain the relationship
between the two when defining an inventory policy. Identify an example
of inventory in your own life. Estimate how much it costs you to hold
this inventory. Estimate the ‘‘ordering cost.’’ How often do you
replenish this inventory and which of the inventory policies does this
most closely resemble?

Lean Systems

In a one page essay describe the steps involved in developing a lean Six Sigma supply chain. Describe the core beliefs of Lean and how they could be implemented in your own life.

Every question is in one page, so total 2 pages SINGLE SPACED. Use the Class material attached.

Instructions are among the most common types of document in technical writing. Instructions are everywhere informing readers how to make, assemble, or create something. You may have followed instructions on how to log onto a computer at work, to download and use an App on your smart phone, or to make a gourmet dinner at home following recipes. It is likely that you will create them often in your career if not as a formal document then at least in a variety of informal written and oral communications. Keep in mind the differences among instructions, process descriptions, and procedures:

• Instructions inform readers how to assemble, make, create something or perform a specific task.

• Process descriptions tell how something works (for example, how a drug works to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies). While instructions are about how to use something, descriptions are about how that thing works (e.g., how to take a prescription drug vs. how that drug works in the human body).

• Procedures are standardized ways of doing things in organizations.

For this assignment, you should focus on creating clearly written, well designed, and effectively illustrated instructions.

Assignment Guidelines

Choose a Technical or Scientific Topic. You will choose your own topic for this assignment. In

order to give you the practice in technical writing, you must choose a technical or scientific topic. Ideally, a topic requiring a series of steps for assembly or various specific tasks to complete is best. A topic relevant to nursing may be a good idea, but such a topic is not required. Consider your hobbies and interests or various topics you know well. Choose a topic involving 20 or more steps. The following are just a few examples of instructions Projects you can use, or you can use your own:

• Setting Up a Small Network in Your Home or Office

• Building and Hosting Your Own Web site

• Detailing Your Car

• Creating a Backyard Butterfly Garden

• Designing and Installing a Solar Heating System in Your Home

• Helping Parents Apply First Aid

• Assembling a Skateboard

• Grooming a Horse

• How to Change an Electrical Outlet

• How to Bid an Acoustical Ceiling Project

• How to Sew an A-Line Skirt

Write to a Specific Audience. You must specify an audience for your instructions. In most instances, your audience should be a novice audience—someone or people who has/have never performed the task before. Sample audiences for the instructions mentioned above include home computer owners, gardeners, small business owners, and parents.

Acknowledge all Sources. If you use any sources for your instructions, acknowledge your sources on an APA references page and include this page with your instructions. If you use or adapt illustrations from another source, place the source directly below each illustration.

Warning Against Copying Instructions!

DO NOT simply copy instructions you found elsewhere (on a how-to Website, in your nursing textbook) and cite the source. That is not the idea of this assignment.

If you transcribe (copy) instructions you found elsewhere, you cannot get a 60 or

above on this assignment, even if you cite the sources. If more than 30% of your paper is copied from other sources, your assignment will receive a 0, even if the sources are properly documented.

Required Sections for the Instructions

Regardless of your task, you must include all of the following contents.

• Introduction. Here you’ll provide your reader with the following information:

o The audience in terms of its knowledge and need for the instructions.

o What the instructions will allow readers to do.

o What skill level the audience should have to perform the task successfully.

o An overview of the steps needed to complete the task.

o A sense of how long the task will take.

o Where they should perform the task (i.e. in a well-ventilated area, outside, on a flat surface, etc.).

• List of Materials, Tools, or Ingredients

• Illustrations (Diagrams, Drawings, Photographs, Figures, or Tables).

o Include captions for each illustration or figure.

o Label charts and diagrams clearly.

o If you used illustrations from other sources, place the source directly below each illustration. The sources of your illustrations must be fully documented in APA style on the Reference page.

• List of Steps, in chronological order.

o Make sure your instructions have 20 or more steps.

o Make sure you use the imperative mood. (That is, say this: “Attach the red wire” rather than this: “The red wire is attached.” With the second phrase, readers will not know whether the wire is already attached or if they need to attach it.)

o Each step must be a specific action, (“Turn the knob one complete turn.”) and not an elaboration or comment (“Turning the knob will result in a better fit.”).

o Each step may only be one or two sentences.

o Use second person (you) in instructions.

o Include warnings or cautions before readers will encounter problems.

o Make sure steps are phrased in parallel form.

• Troubleshooting or Tips.

Your instructions should also contain the following if needed:

• Warnings

• Glossary of terms

• References

• Appendixes

Document Design and Illustrations

Give careful thought to illustrations and design elements that will make your instructions effective.

• Make sure all of your steps are numbered throughout.

• Single-space the text in the paragraphs.

• You must include at least two illustrations in your instructions. You may create your own, or adapt illustrations from other sources. Make sure you provide source information for all illustrations immediately below each illustration. (For example, for any photos you took: “Source: photo by author.” For any illustrations from other sources: “Source: Website (or other resource).”

• Use as many of the four basic design principles as possible (Contrast, Repetition, Alignment, Proximity).

• Design your document for consistency (grid patterns, margins, justification, white space, indentation, font style and size).

• Design your document for navigation and emphasis (headings, color, shading, boldface, italic, and underlining, bulleted and numbered lists).

• Read about tips for illustrating documents.

Note: You must use a two-column format or some other format rather than just a full-page format on each page for the text, illustrations, and design elements.

Submission

• Submit ONE WORD FILE

Evaluation Rubrics

• Completeness (10 pts): The instructions include all of the sections required.

• Introduction (10 pts): The introduction identifies the document’s audience in terms of its knowledge and need for the instructions. It tells what the instructions will allow readers to do and provides an overview of the steps. It gives the audience a sense of how long the task will take, where it should be performed, and provides cautions or warnings when need.

• Text of the Steps (20 pts): The instructions have 10 or more steps. The steps use imperative mood. Each step is a specific action.

• Design (20 pts): The document has a clear hierarchy of headings. The steps are numbered throughout. There is an appropriate amount of white space. It makes effective use of the four basic design principles (contrast, alignment, proximity, repetition). Design features, such as fonts, font sizes, and forms of emphasis are applied consistently. The overall design is clear and consistent.

• Illustrations (20 pts): There are at least two illustrations. The illustrations are effective, each serving a functional purpose (meaning, it helps the reader better comprehend the task at hand). It is not merely used for decorative purpose. The illustrations are appropriately documented, displayed, and labeled.

• Style (10 pts): The instructions are written as active voice commands. Headings and numbered/bulleted items are in parallel form. The second person (you) is used.

• Mechanics (10 pts): Spelling, APA documentation, grammar, and punctuation

are correct.