Respond 3 to 5 sentences

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  Provide a substantive contribution that advances the discussion in a meaningful way by identifying strengths of the posting, challenging assumptions, and asking clarifying questions.  

 

Analyze why there are two different versions (“Equal variances assumed” and “Equal variances not assumed”) of the t test on the SPSS printout and how you decide which one is more appropriate.

The SPSS introduces two versions of the independent samples t test: one with equal variance assumed and ‘’equal variances not assumed’’. According to Warner, the levene test is used to decide which version of the t test to report. However, if the levene test shows no significant violation of the homogeneity of variance assumption, the researcher will report the ‘’equal variances assumed’’. Moreover, if the levene test indicates that there is equal variances is violated the researcher reports ‘’equal variances not assumed’’ version of the t test (Warner,2013). According to    , the SPSS provides three different types of t test. The independent-samplet test compares the means of two different samples.  Furthermore the samples share variable interest in common but no overlap between the two groups (George, 2016).The two different versions identify which variance will be most appropriate base on the Levene’s test and the variable of interest which is imperative when conducting research.

George, D. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference (14th ed.). New York, NY: Routeledge.                                                                                                                                                                               

Warner, R. (2013). Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Behavioral and Social-Cognitive

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Create a 12- to 15-slide presentation analyzing the formation of habits using behavioral and social-cognitive approaches. Your presentation should cover the following areas: Analyze one of your habits. How did you develop this habit? Were there role models for this habit? Which people influenced the adoption of this habit? Why do you continue it? Has there been a time when you have attempted to break this habit? Use the behavioral personality theory to explain why you have this habit. Describe components of social-cognitive theory that explain why the habit formed. Develop a plan that applies operant conditioning to change this habit. Between the behavioral and social-cognitive theories, which one do you find best explains your personality?

Include detailed speaker notes on each slide, along with title and reference slides.

Provide 3 to 4 references.

response 1 wk 4

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The development of successful communication skills during infancy and toddlerhood is an important element in child development (Nelson, White & Grewe, 2012). Thus, a commercially prevalent trend is teaching sign language to normal, hearing babies to help them communicate more effectively with people around them. In her book, Baby Sign Language for Hearing Babies, Karyn Warburton writes that all babies try to communicate by using their body language, facial expressions, noises, and cries before they can speak; as a result, teaching them sign language would bridge the gap between what they want to say, but unable to because of their slower articulatory system development. From another perspective, some researchers argue that there is not enough evidence that sign language would have the claimed benefits promoted by sign language websites that are simply marketing their products without solid evidence. In my opinion, sign language can help mothers and caregivers understand infants better, which would lessen tantrums and strengthen the bond between them.

According to www.babysignlanguage.com, research has proven that pre-verbal babies can communicate with sign language at six months old to express their needs and grow to speak earlier. www.babysignlanguage.com also claims that it is proven by empirical research that children who sign have higher academic skills and better relationships with their parents. Deaf infants have the ability to communicate with their caregivers early in their life because, as Warburton (2006) explains, babies’ gestures in a talking environment are not as significant and babies gestures in a signing environment. Also, it helps infants build up their concept of the world around them since they can express their curiosity about the world as well as comprehending information and data they receive. 

From another perspective, Nelson et al., refer to the lack of evidence on the mentioned advantages of teaching sign language to pre-verbal children and examined the claims of websites that promote teaching sign language to hearing babies and verify the stated citations of research and evaluate it. The verification process, which was based on content analysis, shows that only eight researches out of eighty-two cited sources were empirical studies that evaluated the positive outcomes of signing babies. Although the websites mentioned the positive impact of sign language on babies’ reduced tantrums and increased bond between babies and their parent, no one research was listed on any website to support such a claim.

In my opinion, I believe teaching sign language to babies is fruitful from sides other than their language development. It is a form of play that is fun and would strengthen the relationship between mothers and their infants because it is fun to accompany gestures that are already produced by babies normally, like when they raise their both hands because they want you to carry them or hold them, with meaningful word utterances to help them express themselves or understand what their caregiver wants to tell them.

References:

Baby Sign Language. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.babysignlanguage.com/

Nelson, L. H., White, K. R., & Grewe, J. (2012). Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing. Infant and Child Development, 21(5), 474–502. doi:10.1002/icd.1748

Warburton, K. (2006). Baby sign language for hearing babies. Penguin.

response 2week 4

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Post an argument either for or against the use of “baby signs” with infants.

The effects of baby sign language on verbal language development; study support the effect on verbal language development of purposefully encouraging hearing infants to use simple gestures as symbols for objects, requests, and conditions. To this end, 103, 11month-old infants were divided into three groups, all of whom were seen in the laboratory for a variety of assessments, including standardized language tests at 15, 19, 24, 30, and 36 months.  Parents of those in the Sign Training group modeled symbolic gestures and encouraged their infants to use them. Parents of infants in the Non-intervention Control group knew nothing about symbolic gestures or our special interest in language development. As a control for “training effects” (i.e., effects attributable to families being engaged in a language intervention program), parents of a second control group of infants (the Verbal Training group) were asked to make special efforts to model verbal labels. After comparisons of the two control groups minimized concerns about training effects, comparisons between the Sign Training and the Non-intervention Control group indicated an advantage for the Sign Training group on the vast majority of language acquisition measures. These results provide strong evidence that symbolic gesturing does not hamper verbal development and may even facilitate it (Goodwyn, 2000).

The effects of baby sign language on verbal cognitive development; The primary consequence of childhood deafness is that it blocks the development of spoken language both the acts of speaking and comprehending. This fact leads us to ask what spoken language contributes to the child’s cognitive development. Because deafness impedes the development of spoken language, we must ask whether complex and logical thought can develop in the absence of spoken language. Can the child develop ‘inner thought’ or working memory without the ability to hear? Consider sign language. Can sign language foster the same kinds of abstract mental development and complex thought as speech? Now consider an even more complex situation, namely, the cognitive development of children who grow up with little or no exposure to any language in any form, be it signed or spoken, as a simple consequence of being born deaf. What are the effects of such linguistic and social isolation on the child’s development of a mental life (Mayberry, 2002)?

Does it help or hinder a child’s language development; A long-standing belief is that sign language interferes with spoken language development in deaf children, despite a chronic lack of evidence supporting this belief. This deserves discussion as poor life outcomes continue to be seen in the deaf population. This commentary synthesizes research outcomes with signing and non-signing children and highlights fully accessible language as a protective factor for healthy development. Brain changes associated with language deprivation may be misrepresented as sign language interfering with spoken language outcomes of cochlear implants. This may lead to professionals and organizations advocating for preventing sign language exposure before implantation and spreading misinformation. The existence of one—time-sensitive—language acquisition window means a strong possibility of permanent brain changes when spoken language is not fully accessible to the deaf child and sign language exposure is delayed, as is often standard practice. There is no empirical evidence for the harm of sign language exposure but there is some evidence for its benefits, and there is growing evidence that lack of language access has negative implications. This includes cognitive delays, mental health difficulties, lower quality of life, higher trauma, and limited health literacy (Hall, 2017).

Has research demonstrated that it positively or negatively effects a child’s cognitive development; Research suggests that stimulating environment and strong contextual support during the first years of life has a positive impact on child development (Gabbard et al. 2012). The toddler motor behavior is shaped by a combination of environmental, organismic, physiological, and genetic factors. The primary agent for learning and developing the foundation for lifelong behaviors is the home environment (Caçola et al. 2014). In addition, while genetics play an importantrole in determining the main neural circuits, activity-dependency is also effective for optimal development of the brain. In general, it is argued that rich environments have positive effects on brain development. A window of opportunity during a specific stage development would allow toddlers to achieve critical and optimal developmental growth (Gabbard 2012). 

References

Anderson, S. S. (2016). The Effect of Baby Sign on Early Language Development for “At-Risk” Populations. Retrieved from St. Cloud State University: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1003&context=csd_etds

Gabbard (2012). Lifelong motor development (6th ed., ). Dubuque: Brown & Benchmark.

Goodwyn, S. W., Acredolo, L. P., & Brown, C. A. (2000). Impact of Symbolic Gesturing on Early Language Development. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24(2), 81. Retrieved from https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=17143322&site=eds-live&scope=site

Hall, W. C. (2017). What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The Risk of Language Deprivation by Impairing Sign Language Development in Deaf Children. Maternal and Child Health Journal, (5), 961. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2287-y

Mayberry, R. I. (2002). Cognitive development in deaf children: the interface of language and perception in neuropsychology. Retrieved from McGill University: http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~rmayberry/pubs/Mayberry-CogDev-Hndbok.pdf

Zoghi, A., Shojaei, M., & Ghasemi, A. (2016). The Impact of a Motor Affordance Intervention on Motor and Cognitive Development of Young Children. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 14(5), 743–750. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9616-4

Abstract and Annotated Bibliography

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  I have started the assignment by selecting 14 APA references that can be used for the assignment. The assignment only requires 10 annotated bibliographies. 

My research topic DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS 

Research Paper – Abstract and Annotated Bibliography Instructions

Abstract

An abstract is a 1-paragraph summary of the paper that does not exceed 250 words. Do not indent the first line in abstracts, and do not include citations. The abstract must be flush with the left margin and double-spaced.

Example:

Abstract

Graduate students often struggle with learning how to write in APA format. One of the best ways to learn APA format is to seek assistance from university writing centers. This study examined the improvement in writing exhibited by a sample of one hundred students in a graduate writing course. Fifty students relied on “self-taught” APA format resources provided by the university and fifty students received assistance from the university writing center. The students receiving assistance from the writing center made 25% fewer errors on the exit essay than the group using only the “self-taught” resources. The results indicate that university writing centers can be more helpful in learning APA format than relying on “self-taught” resources.

Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a collection of a minimum of 10 one-paragraph summaries of the 10 sources you intend to use in the final paper. The sources must be current or dated within the past 10 years. The ability to use resources older than 10 years is left to the discretion of the instructor. At least 50% of these sources need to be from empirical journal articles.

Do not paste the article abstract in the paper. Annotations must be your own summary of the article. The summary must include the findings of research that was included in the article. Do not simply say the authors conducted a study without providing a summary of the findings.

The annotations include the full current APA-formatted citations of the source, and the annotations are listed in alphabetical order based on the first author’s last name. The assignment must include a title page in current APA format.

  

Example:

Grice, R. (2011). The value of university writing centers. Journal of Counseling, 23(1), 56–58.

University writing centers can be very helpful in learning APA format. Grice found in a study of 100 graduate students in a graduate-level writing course that those receiving assistance from the university writing center demonstrated marked improvement by reducing errors by 25% in comparison to the “self-taught” group. The author concludes that university writing centers can be very helpful to graduate students.

Requirements:

1. Include a current APA-formatted title page with all of the required components.

2. List the annotations in alphabetical order according to the first author’s last name.

3. All sources must be from academic and peer-reviewed journals or books such as the course resources.

4. Resources must be dated within the past 10 years unless permission to use older resources is given by the instructor.

Psy420 Week 4 Worksheet

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Decide which of the following concepts are most applicable to each scenario: differential reinforcement of other behavior, avoidance contingency, punishment by prevention of reinforcer, punishment by loss of reinforcer, or avoidance of loss.

Defend your answer 175 words each, using citations as needed.  Sally, a 13-year-old      teenager, is tired of having her mom nag her about her bedroom. Her mom nags      about the clothes on the floor, the bed being unmade, and the trashcan spilling      over in her bathroom.  Sally comes      home from school in a bad mood and the last thing she wants to hear is her      mom’s nagging voice. To get around the expected response from her mom, she      cleans her room, makes her bed, and empties her trashcan.
  Sally makes the 7th-grade      track team by finishing before another girl by less than 0.05 seconds in      her event—the 400 meter relay.  Sally is proud of making the team but needs      to work harder in the practices that follow. The first track meet does not      go well. Out of the four girls on the relay team, she has the slowest time,      so her track coach removes her from the team, and makes her sit as an      alternate.
  In the weeks that follow      being pulled from the track team, Sally listens to her coach’s direction      and works hard to qualify for the next meet. Running her fastest time      ever, Sally is excited when she qualifies to run the relay for the third track      meet. Now that she has earned her spot on the team, she continues to work      hard every week to keep her place.
  Chad is a 45-year-old man      going back to school while working full time. A self-proclaimed      procrastinator, his job as a computer programmer can handle his laid back      style and ever-changing deadlines.  In school, however, he is having difficulty      turning his homework in on time. The teacher has told him that success is      impossible if he does not turn his papers in on time, yet he fails to do      so week after week.
  Chad continues to stay in      school and is a B-minus student due to the procrastination aspect of his      work ethic. He has been complaining lately about school and thinking about      withdrawing. His comments about the teacher, the class, the work and his      grades are starting to get annoying so his mom decides to only reinforce      his verbal behavior every 5 minutes he talks to her without making a      negative comment about school.

Learning and Memory

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For this assignment, conduct a search of published literature exploring the connection between learning and memory. Describe the role that memory plays in classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and social learning theory. This paper should contain a minimum of four empirical research studies. This assignment should be 5 to 7 pages in length excluding the title page, abstract, and reference section and must be complete in APA format (6th ed.).

The paper should include:

· Be a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 7 full pages, size 12 font Times New Roman, double spaced with 1 inch margins, NOT including the Title and References pages.

· A title page

· Include the sub headings of: “Introduction”, “Role of Memory in Classical Conditioning”, “Role of Memory in instrumental Conditioning”, “Role of Memory in Social Learning Theory”, and “Conclusions”.

· Introductory paragraph ending in a clear thesis statement

· Several well-developed (5-7 sentences) body paragraphs that explore the assignment questions in detail

· A summary and conclusions paragraph

· Four references

Due tonight 11pm eastern time. original work only.

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Study Proposal

For your Study Proposal assignment, you will apply knowledge of theory and research in the study of biological psychology by writing a study proposal and providing a detailed summary outline of the research plan. This topic should be of your choosing, and builds on the information you identified on research methods currently used in the field, which you completed in Unit 5.

For this assignment, propose a study plan in which you will research the hypothesis for a research problem of your choosing, relevant to biological psychology. Format your paper using the following headings, as well as the Study Proposal Template (linked in Resources): Research problem:       State the problem that underlies the topic for your research proposal. Evaluate physiological connections based on knowledge of physiological mechanisms, neural transmission, and neurotransmitter function gained in this course. Literature Review: Provide an effective literature review of other studies done on the same research problem. This section may include information obtained in your Unit 5 research methods paper. Importance or Implications to Biological Psychology: Discuss the importance or implications of this research problem to biological psychology. Research methods:       Discuss the research method and design chosen for your proposed study from the four identified in Chapter 4 of Brain & Behavior.   Naturalistic observation. Case study. Survey. Experiment. Clarify a rationale for the research method chosen to be used in this study. Hypothesis Verification: State the hypothesis your study plan is designed to test and any questions that will guide your research plan. Validity: Describe how the validity of the research will be ensured. Ethical Criteria: Discuss the necessary criteria to ensure the study will be conducted safely and ethically. Summary: Summarize your study plan and rationale for the chosen method and design. Paper Requirements Number of Resources: Minimum number of 3–5 peer-reviewed journal articles. Length: 10–15 pages. Format: Formatted as shown in the Study Proposal Template, linked in the Resources. Use current APA style and formatting Turnitin: Submitted to Turnitin and the percentage provided when you submit your paper to the Unit 7 assignment area.

Submit Methods of Research assignment by Sunday of Unit 7.

You may choose to save this learning activity to your ePortfolio. Resources Study Proposal Scoring Guide. APA Style and Format. Study Proposal Template. ePortfolio. Turnitin. original work and its due tonight by 11 am eastern time APA style

Adjustment Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, and Acute Stress Disorder

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Assignment 1: Adjustment Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, and Acute Stress Disorder

Adjustment disorders are quite common and potentially very serious because they have been linked to suicide ideation, planned and completed suicide. Consider the important issues of mental status examination and differential diagnosis. What are the differences and similarities among adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and acute stress disorder? What are the essential areas that encompass a thorough mental status examination? Explain the steps you would take in evaluating symptoms. How would you arrive at a differential diagnosis?

Post your responses in a minimum of 300 words.

Submission Details: By the due date assigned, post your responses to this Discussion Area. Through the end of the module, respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. While responding, identify the similarities and differences between what you have constructed and what your classmates have.

     Discussion Grading Table  Maximum Points    Quality of initial posting, including fulfillment of assignment   16    Quality of responses to classmates  12    Frequency of responses to classmates  4    Reference to supporting readings and other materials  4    Language and grammar  4    Total:  40               M3 Assignment 1 Discussion  Discussion Topic           Due September 22 at 11:59 PM  

Discussion: Values and Culture

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Values, culture, and underlying beliefs of human services providers may raise dilemmas when handling cases involving issues such as infidelity, domestic violence, and parenting matters. In this week’s media program, “Barbara—The Human Services Professional: Chapter 3,” a number of issues impact the family, which raises questions that might be influenced by your own personal values. For this Discussion, review the media program and consider the dilemmas affecting the family. Reflect on who is involved and what values and cultural influences might impact the case.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 4

Post a brief description of the dilemmas portrayed in the media presentation, including the individuals involved in the case. Then, identify the values and cultural influences that are presented in the case. Explain how these values and cultural influences might be impacting the dilemmas portrayed. Finally, explain how you, as the human services professional, would support the clients in the case study.

Reid Mandell, B., & Schram, B. (2012). An introduction to human services: Policy and practice (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

· Chapter 5, “Values and Ethical Dilemmas” (pp. 137–170)

Pankratz, C. J. (2009). Cross-national comparisons of family policies: The relevance of national approaches to social welfare. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40(3), 493–511.

West-Newman, C. L. (2005). Feeling for justice? Rights, laws, and cultural contexts. Law & Social Inquiry, 30(2), 305–335.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.