PSY 630 CRITICAL REVIEW

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Critical Review

The final assignment for this class will be a 10-page critical review of the drug treatment for a psychiatric disorder (broadly defined to include psychological and neurological disorders as well). The review will use peer-reviewed sources to evaluate the current drug treatment modalities for the selected disorder and determine the adequacy of those treatments. The paper will be evaluated on the inclusion of the following information:

Introduction  
Evaluate the disorder in terms of symptomatic and behavioral presentation. Include the time, course, and progression of the disorder. Evaluate and explain special features of the disease epidemiology.

Theory
Evaluate the predominant theory or theories regarding the biological basis of the disorder. Explain the disorder in terms of pertinent neurotransmitter and receptor theories and describe the pertinent evidence of their involvement.  Analyze the neurotransmitter systems in terms of the involved receptors and the use receptor agonists and antagonists in the treatment of the disorder receptor. Include information on the anatomic changes to the central nervous system as appropriate to the topic.

Treatment  
Evaluate drug therapies for treating the disorder based on the current understanding of the biological basis of the disorder and the corresponding behavioral effects of the disorder. Explain pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to the disorder and corresponding drug treatment. Describe any side effects and adverse effects of the drug treatment and their biological basis, including issues related to contraindications, interactions, drug metabolism, and elimination. In addition, explain risks, benefits, and ethical implications for high-risk and exceptional treatment conditions.

Conclusion  
Summarize theories of psychiatric disease as they relate to principles of drug action within the chosen topic. Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of the current theory of the disorder and its treatment and evaluate any controversies regarding ethical and/or risk-benefits perspectives associated with the current treatment. Describe possible areas for future research.

Attention Students: The Masters of Arts in Psychology program is utilizing the Pathbrite portfolio tool as a repository for student scholarly work in the form of signature assignments completed within the program. After receiving feedback for this Critical Review, please implement any changes recommended by the instructor, go to Pathbrite (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. and upload the revised Critical Review to the portfolio. (Use the Pathbrite Quick-Start Guide (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. to create an account if you do not already have one.) The upload of signature assignments will take place after completing each course. Be certain to upload revised signature assignments throughout the program as the portfolio and its contents will be used in other courses and may be used by individual students as a professional resource tool. See the Pathbrite (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. website for information and further instructions on using this portfolio tool.

Writing the Critical Review
The paper: Must be 10 to 12 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.  Must include a separate title page with the following: Title of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must use at least five peer-reviewed sources in addition to the course text. Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center

RESPOND TO (2) CLASSMATE"S(WK-1-DQ-1)–(9-23-18)

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CLASSMATE-#1—-Martin R.

 

Research Questions Do people in marital relationships cheat because of disconnection, feeling betrayed or unloved or fear of commitment? Is religion seen more negatively due to religious figures deceitful behaviors and church scandals? Marijuana has been said to be a dangerous drug and should be banned. But, in the same breath, marijuana has been seen as a therapeutic narcotic known to help people with diseases. Do children, who are victims of child-abuse, subject to violence behaviors in their adulthood life? What unconditioned stimuli’s triggers violent behaviors in students causing them to commit mass shootings in educational settings?

I attempted to construct five measurable question which will be interesting for a research design once planning is done.  For question number one, the criterion variable would be the individuals (husband or wife) affected. According to Sukal (2013), “The outcome itself is the dependent variable, also known as the outcome variable or criterion; it is the affected variable, or the consequence variable” (Sukal, 2013, para. 7).  My predictor variable was identified as the variables which instigates the behaviors. There are multiple independent variables in this questions which relate to feelings of betrayal, being unloved by your partner, and fear of commitment.  There could also be confounding variables that can play a substantial role within this context.

Question number two, is a personal area of interest due to the many disturbing behaviors being displayed by religious leaders. This will be an interesting topic for a potential research design.  The outcome variable for this question would be religion.  Our independent variables are the disturbing acts themselves such as sexual child abuse and sex crimes which has been covered up and concealed for decades by prestigious religious institutions.  Question threeis yet another interesting topic.  Reason, being, my mother uses medical marijuana for leukemia which is very effective for her.  However, many people see marijuana as a dangerous narcotic?  Nevertheless, the dependent variable here would be dangerous examples vs. effective treatment of the drug since this is being assumed to be both dangerous and therapeutic.  The independent variable, would be considered the marijuana as this is the variable causing either the dangerous concerns which are conflicting with the fact that marijuana is effective in treatment for specific illnesses.

Question fouris yet another area which I am interested in. Social learning theory suggest that a cycle of violence is connected to the violent behaviors demonstrated in intimate-partner relationships, which potentially could stem from what these individuals experience in the home during childhood.  Ireland and Smith (2009) mentioned that, “Links between living in a partner-violent home and subsequent aggressive and antisocial behavior are suggested by the ‘‘cycle of violence’’ hypothesis derived from social learning theory” (Ireland & Smith, 2009, p. 323).  The outcome variables within this context could be multiple, consisting of children, and adults encompassing both genders and sexual orientations.  Independent variables range from types of violence experience (i.e., sexual, physical, or emotional) by the child.

Last but not least, question fivedeals with a prevalent crisis which we are seeing in our children’s place of learning.  School shootings and violence are becoming more prevalent each year within the United States.  The dependent variables can be considered the behaviors triggering violent acts.  These behaviors could be influenced by psychological disorders such as depression which identifies the dependent variables as (murder, suicide, and harm). The independent variables guides our attention to some perceptions behind mass shootings that presents sociological factors that should be taken in consideration as they create associations. Farrall, Jackson, and Gray (2009); Hawdon, Ryan, and Agnich (2010) mentioned that, “Perceptions of social solidarity are expected to capture the individual judgments of a neighborhood’s moral order and sense of community” (as cited by Vuori, 2016, p. 521).

References

Ireland, T. O., & Smith, C. A. (2009). Living in partner-violent families: Developmental links to antisocial behavior and relationship violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(3), 323-39. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.proxy-campuslibrary.rockies.edu/docview/204523363?accountid=39364

Sukal, M. (2013). Research methods: Applying statistics in research. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Vuori, M. (2016). Revisiting local responses to mass violence. Journal of Risk Research, 19(4), 515–532. https://doi-org.proxy-campuslibrary.rockies.edu/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003317

Reply Reply to Comment

———————————————————————————————–CLASSMATE-#-2—Mark D.

 

1. What is the frequency of injury for gymnasts who train on the uneven bars during advanced training practice for the Olympics?

*The independent variable is gymnasts who train on the uneven bars during practice, and the dependent variable would be the frequency of injuries. One would deduce that injury risk may increase during extreme pressure to compete and extended hours of training in preparation of the Olympics.
*Due to increased training in preparation for the event, one may use interval data collection to address the gap between injuries several months before the tournament, then compare these statistics and develop a proportion or scaling of injuries. This method would highlight the increased risk of injury and even forecast potential areas of concern for future training initiatives.

2. What is the relationship between increased interview volume and a professional development course on resume writing?

*The dependent variable is the increase in interviews, and the independent variable is the course on resume writing. Conceptually by increasing skills with resume writing and learning the art of creating a well written professional summary will increase the number of interviews scheduled.
*Categorical data can be used to determine the range of success before and after the session. Before the course, candidates will be surveyed to assess their current interview success. After the course candidate will be polled again to determine the Median (average) of success by calculating the middle scores. This method can determine the margin of success for candidates.

3. Do SAT/ACT prep classes positively affect the attitude and confidence levels of seniors and increase scoring results for their second testing attempt?

*The dependent variable would be the scores for the student’s second attempt, and the independent variable is the prep class. By surveying high school seniors using ordinal data can determine the success of the course, similar to the previous testing example.
*However, a mixed method approach would be best to gauge the confidence levels from a qualitative approach by asking questions like, how do you feel? Similarly, by using an ordinal approach, one could have surveys that address the scaling of confidence. 1). Extremely Confident 2). Somewhat Confident 3). Confident 4). Lacked Confidence 5). Unconfident.

4. How often are Army veterans who have served during wartime diagnosed with PTSD after returning to civilian life?

*The independent variable is the veterans who served during wartime, and the dependent variable is the amount of PTSD cases found in veterans who served afterward.
*By plotting points from start to end point and analyzing the data collected from VA hospitals before and after wartimes, then developing a midpoint or range, it is possible to determine the increase or ratio of accretion between Army veterans who served during wartime and developed the disorder compared to those who have not.

5. How often do middle-aged adults taking classes for their master’s complete their degree after promotion?

*The independent variable would be promoted middle-aged adults in their master’s, and the dependent variable would be degree completion. Success is defined differently for everyone. Therefore, if an individual is vying for their degree because of promotions or better job opportunities, then they may feel accomplished enough from their advancement and no longer complete their degree.
*One could start by using the nominal scale to determine the most typically answered question within the age category. Then follow up with original scaling questions to assess their current level of education and current status in school. Then surveying further to determine their completion status and why they were unable to achieve their degree.

Reply Reply to Comment——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-(SAMPLE: RESPONSES)

1)  

Hi Martin,

Your research questions are all on interesting subjects. Some research questions are better suited to qualitative research rather than quantitative research. Since this is a class on quantitative statistics, you will end up working with a question that is appropriate for quantitative research. Questions 1, 2, and 4 will be the easiest to research quantitatively with statistics.

Some other suggestions are: Phrase research questions as questions. The third research question needs to be rephrased as a question. The makes it much easier to identify the dependent and independent variables too. In question 2, the dependent variable (outcome) is perception of religion rather than simply religion. This distinction will help when operationalizing the variable.

I hope this helps.

2) 

Hi Kaitlyn,

I am really interested in your second question; perhaps becuase I just read an article suggesting that males do not reach full maturity until the age of 43 and females at 32 (NASPA2, 2013). Granted, this is a qualitative study and that warrants further scrutiny and research, but the concept is along the same lines as your question. Your question though, offers a quantitative measure that is easily collected by obtaining the number of times the subjects have broken the law!

Jen

References

NASPA2. (2013, June 19). Men Mature at What Age?! Retrieved from NASPA.org: https://www.naspa.org/constituent-groups/posts/men-mature-at-what-age

respond to this post

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Questions
• For how long have you been experiencing the loss of memory?
     The memory loss problem appears to have affected the patient for about three years although the problem went unnoticed because it was confused with the busy schedule the patient has had for the same span of time. The patient could also not know when the memory loss condition actually began because of their busy engagements and he has been involved in activities that do not require much memorization. He might have not been interacting much with people and events and only noticed he has a problem with his memory after learning that he was unable to recognize people and friends who were one familiar.

• Did you get injured or involved in an accident?
     The patient might have never been involved in an accident that would be the cause of their memory loss. This is because accident-caused memory loss issues would be a sudden occurrence and noticed instantly. They might have, however, suffered an injury during their childhood which was ignored. Failure to treat such and injury could have affected the part of the brain that is responsible for memory.
• How often do you experience severe memory loss?
     The memory loss could often be experienced when the patient is mentally engaged as they might be having a lot of issues to address. When interrupted, they might fail to recall some of the tasks they supposed to address. The loss of memory intensifies when the patient is stressed or when they lack enough sleep. The memory can also be distorted when they are angered or pressurized by others. Sometimes, the loss of memory occurs in the morning s when the bogy is not fully active to get to remember events activities and processes of the past.

                                               Summary of views
     From a historical perspective, memory loss and confusion was considered a sign of the normal aging process. However, it is nowadays proven that most aged people remain alert as they continue to age although they may take longer to recall certain things. A lot of many young people experience memory lapses and this clearly indicates that there is little connection between memory loss and aging. Another misconception about aging and memory loss is that some older people experience emotional problems which can be obviously mistaken for memory loss. Sadness, worry and loneliness in the older people leaves them confused and forgetful (Bennett, 2011). As such they portray symptoms that could be confused with dementia spreading the concept of loss of memory and aging.

     Treatment for memory loss is much dependent on the cause of the memory loss. Is the loss of memory is as a result of a particular medication. Medicines can be used to reverse the process. When depression is a factor, treating the depression can help restore the memory. If the memory loss is caused by a stroke, therapy can be a healing procedure. The cause of the prevailing patient condition is not clearly known although the symptoms indicate a possible Alzheimer’s disease which drug treatment can be used to heal the condition. The drugs for lowering blood pressure can be used to treat the patient (Bennett, 2011). This is the recommended treatment because it deals with the exact condition resulting in the memory loss.

Reference
Bennett, P. (2011). Abnormal and clinical psychology: An introductory textbook. McGraw-Hill
Education (UK).

500 word essay

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Virtual and face to face interview comparisons

Correlation and Regression Study (Wk-2-DQ-1) (9-23-18)

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  Correlation and Regression Study

Background
During this week you will identify a research question created in Week 1 for which correlation or regression would be the best statistical approach to take. If you do not have a research question that indicates correlation or regression, review the research questions posted by your peers last week and select one that is ideal for correlation or regression.

Discussion Assignment Requirements

Initial Posting – In your initial posting for this assignment, include the following: Identify an appropriate research question that would require the use of correlation and regression to answer. Describe why this question is appropriate for a correlational study. Identify the two variables in this study and each of their attributes: discrete or continuous, quantitative or categorical, and scale of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio). Do the variables fit the qualifications of a correlational study? Explain. What type of correlation would you expect to find for this study (i.e., positive or negative)? Explain. What predictions might you be interested in making with these variables if the correlation is found to be significant?

WEEK-1—RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

  

1. How does the employees’ motivation affect the organization Productivity?

In this research, there are two main variables that are an independent variable which in this case are the motivational factors for employees which include favorable working environment, compensation strategy, business culture, and the management strategy. The dependent variable in this study is the organization productivity. The best effective scale for measuring these variables is an ordinal scale basically because some variables have more impacts than the others.

2. What are the factors that affect the patient’s reaction to treatment?

The variables in these case include the type of medication, the lifestyle of the patient and the degree of the effect of the health condition has affected the patient. These variables have a different effect on the patient’s reaction to treatment, the variables are categorical in nature. In this case, the most effective measurement scale is the ordinal scale as well (Celli, Decramer, Wedzicha, Wilson, Agustí, Criner & Vogelmeier, 2015).

3. Does the increase in gun ownership affect the crime level in the society?

This question has several variables that increase in criminal-related deaths, criminal activities, assault cases. A rational scale level of measurement can be used in this research because of the nature of these variables. The variables depict some categorical characteristics they have different degrees of impact on the dependent variable in the question.

4. How does the school environment affect the student performance?

The security level in the school, the type of rules and the consequences of going against the rules and the level of strictness of the teacher in the school are the main variables in the research question. The rules and regulations are can be grouped into some category as well as the level of strictness of the teachers another subordinate staff, in this case, the best scale of measurement to be used is the ordinal scale. The variables also have some categorical characteristics they are not numerical.

5. What is the probability that randomly selected teenager watches movie over three times in a week?

The possibility or the variables, in this case, is that the student watches three times, less, or even more in a week. In this case, the main scales of measurement will be internal level, this is basically because they can be quantified but the decimal or rather the zero point is not relevant to the study or rather is meaningless (Pratt, 2015).

6. Is there any relationship between the traffic congestion and the price of fuel? 

The research questions in this have only one variable of interest which is the fuel prices which may or may not affect the traffic congestion. This is a question that is meant towards finding the if there is a relationship between the variables in the study. The level of measurement, in this case, is, therefore, an ordinal scale. The data, in this case, may have some continuous characteristics.

7. Is there any relationship between gender and student performance in statistics and science subjects?

The variables, in this case, will be the average performance of the students in the subjects of focus, they will be categorized according to their gender. These variables can actually be measured using the ratio level of measurements by some mathematical operations. In this case, an average will be calculated of both genders performance on the subjects being studied. The data in this study will depict some continuous characteristics. 

8. How does the training frequency affect muscle growth for bodybuilders?

The variables, in this case, are time, the intensity of training and the diet. These are the three basic factors that affect muscle growth. These variables can be measured using some interval level of scale because they affect muscle growth differently in bodybuilders. This scale will be giving some difference in categories in the manner they affect the dependent variable here which is muscle growth. The data, in this case, will be analyzed mathematically and so will give some discrete results (Sahin, Serdar, Serteser, Unsal & Ozpinar, 2018).

9. What is the relationship between mortality rates and poverty level?

This research question is intended to establish the existence of any relationship between the mortality rates within a population and the poverty level of that population. The variables in these case will be poverty and death rate which will be measured using the ordinal level scale because it will be giving the degree to which these variables affect each other. The variables, in this case, will be having some continuous characteristics because they rise and fall at some level.

10. How does technological development impact learning in schools?

This research question has two directions, that is, the dependent variable may affect the independent in two ways either positively or negatively. The variables, in this case, will include the teaching techniques used by the teachers, the accessibility of the learning materials and so on this will have some positive impact on the learning processes. These variables will be measured using the ordinal level scale because they will be categorized and rated on the impact they have on the subject of study.

References

Pratt, M. G. (2015). Crafting and Selecting Research Questions and Contexts in Qualitative Research. Handbook of Qualitative Organizational Research: Innovative Pathways and Methods, 177.

Celli, B. R., Decramer, M., Wedzicha, J. A., Wilson, K. C., Agustí, A., Criner, G. J., … & Vogelmeier, C. (2015). An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: research questions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 191(7), e4-e27.

Sahin, O. N., Serdar, M., Serteser, M., Unsal, I., & Ozpinar, A. (2018). Vitamin D levels and parathyroid hormone variations of children living in a subtropical climate: a data mining study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44(1), 40.

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————–  Resources Required Text

Sukal, M. (2013). Research methods: Applying statistics in research. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Chapter 9: Correlation
Chapter 10: Linear Regression

Carruthers, M. W., Maggard, M. (2012). SmartLab: A Statistics Primer. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Lesson 3: Charts and Graphs in Statistics
Lesson 9: Correlation and Regression

SMARTLab Tests: The SMARTLab is a self-paced, online basic statistics course designed to prepare you for your graduate courses and graduate research.
Lesson 3: Graphs
Lesson 9: Correlation and Regression Required References

UIS. (n.d.). How to critique a journal article. Retrieved from https://otpod.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/jrnlcrtq.pdf (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Wagenheim, M., & Anderson, S. (2008). Theme park employee satisfaction and customer orientation. Managing Leisure, 13, 242-257. doi: 10.1080/13606710802200944 Recommended References

American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.

Consortium for Mathematics and its Applications & Chedd-Angier (Producers). (1989). Against all odds: Inside statistics. Available from http://www.learner.org/resources/series65.htm (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.l

Cengage Learning (2005). Research Methods Workshops. Available from: http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/workshops/resch_wrk.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Cengage Learning (2005). Statistics Workshops. Available from: http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/workshops/stats_wrk.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Easton, V. J., & McColl, J. H. (1997). STEPS: Statistics Glossary v1.1. Retrieved from University of Glasgow Web site: Basic Definitions: http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/basic_definitions.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Kahn, J. (n.d.). Reporting statistics in APA style. Retrieved from http://my.ilstu.edu/~jhkahn/apastats.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Lowry, R. (2011). Chapter 3: Introduction to correlation & regression. In Concepts & applications of inferential statistics. Retrieved from http://vassarstats.net/textbook/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Neill, J. (2010). University of Canberra. Correlation. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/linear-correlation (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Online Stat Book (2008). Retrieved from Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics Web site: Components of r: http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/comp_r/index.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Online Stat Book (2008). Retrieved from Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics Web site: Regression by Eye: http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/reg_by_eye/index.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Online Stat Book (2008). Retrieved from Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics Web site: Regression to the Mean: http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/reg_to_mean/index.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Online Stat Book (2008). Retrieved from Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics Web site: Reliability and Regression Analysis: http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/reliability_reg/index.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

UCLA (2010). Chapter X: Correlation and regression. In Probability and statistics ebook. Retrieved from: http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/Probability_and_statistics_EBook (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

worksheet psychology due tomorrow evening

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please complete worksheet 

Questions:

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1.  What are the two sources of ideas, and how do they operate?

2.  Discuss primary and secondary qualities of things & how their ideas are formed in the mind.

3.  Discuss Locke’s views on learning, memory, and forgetting.

4.  According to what principles do ideas associate?

WARNING: 

PLEASE DO NOT WRITE A PAPER. I NEED LIKE 250 WORDS FOR EACH QUESTION. ALSO PLEASE DO NOT CITE THE QUESTIONS. 

Assignment 1: Counseling Theories and Groups

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  Assignment 1: Counseling Theories and Groups

In this module, you reviewed several counseling theories that are often models for conducting groups (e.g., Adlerian, Gestalt, and existential). The theoretical foundation of a group process can dramatically impact the experience of group members. Furthermore, the role of the group leader is impacted by the theoretical model.

Tasks:

 

In a minimum of 200 words, post to the Discussion Area your responses to the following: Discuss in detail one counseling theory utilized in group therapy that best fits your personality. Be sure to explain why it fits your personality. What are the goals and desired outcomes of group therapy that are best achieved by applying your selected theory? Outline how the theory would be applied in group work.

Support your rationale and analysis by using at least two resources from professional literature in your response. Professional literature may include the Argosy University online library resources; relevant textbooks; peer-reviewed journal articles; and websites created by professional organizations, agencies, or institutions (websites ending in .edu or .gov).

Graduate-Level Writing Paper

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In this assignment, you will consider steps you can plan to take to make your pursuit of a graduate degree a success.

Resources: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and APA Writing Style Sample Paper

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper on how you can prepare for academic success at the graduate level. Include the following: Identify characteristics of graduate writing, and explain how writing at the graduate level differs from other forms of writing (2 to 3 paragraphs).
Describe elements of effective written communication (1 to 2 paragraphs).
Explain what plagiarism is and how to avoid it (1 to 2 paragraphs).
Analyze realistic, attainable ways for managing time and stress (1 to 2 paragraphs).

Format your paper according to appropriate course-level APA guidelines on the APA Templates page in the Center for Writing Excellence.

Access the Center for Writing Excellence on eCampus and utilize WritePoint® powered by Grammarly® to review your paper.

Assignment 2: Outside Group Observation 2

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For this assignment, you will attend a group session, which will be your second group session in this course. The group may be a community-based group, a school-related group, a private practice group, an area support group, or other appropriate counseling group. Do not attend a 12-step group as this will likely be an assignment in another counseling course. You can attend the same group twice or go to two different groups. However, you should not attend two online groups. So if the first observed group was online, this one should be in person. You are responsible for making arrangements to attend groups. Exercise judgment in selecting the group to attend. For example, one would need permission from the group leader to attend a meeting of a suicide survivors’ group, but attending an open weight watchers meeting would be much easier.

Select the group and submit your choice for instructor approval in Submissions Area, specifying the type of group, location of meeting, and anticipated date and time of attendance. No identifying information about group participants must appear in the paper. Be prepared to make changes if the instructor offers suggestions.

Once the group is approved, attend the session and write a report on the following: Analyze the current stage of the group and what you believe would help the group to function more effectively. Characterize the type of group session. (What issue or process occurred as the focus of the session?) Detail the group counseling theory that was being applied in the group session. Describe the techniques that were employed by the group leader during the session. Determine whether the desired group outcomes were achieved. Explain how the group leader’s behavior influenced these outcomes. Reflect on future directions for this group (i.e., possible next sessions). Describe any crisis that occurred and any crisis management techniques that were employed during the session. Compare and contrast the group leadership style you observed in the first group and in the second group. From your observation of group leaders and group dynamics, explain what worked and what did not work.

(Note the additional criteria on crisis management and comparison of groups.)

Your paper should be a 3- to 4-page Microsoft Word document, citing a minimum of two scholarly sources. Be sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Use the current APA format.