Both inductive and deductive reasoning are important and useful; they are essentially two sides of the same coin. Deductive reasoning starts with a premise and works toward a conclusion, working from the general to a specific conclusion. Inductive reasoning does the opposite. It works from specifics to a more general conclusion.

Initial Post:

1. Create both a valid and sound deductive and an inductive argument.
2. Which of your arguments do you think is stronger?
3. Why do you think this is the case? Is one type of argument always stronger than the other?
4. Is one type of argument more useful than the other? Why is this the case?

1.Two players engage in the following interaction regarding the battle of the sexes. Player 1 first decides whether she wants to “play” (Y ) or not (N). If player 1 chooses N, then the game is over, and players receive payoffs (2, 3). If player 1 chooses Y , then player 2 (observes player 1’s choice and) decides whether he wants to “play” (y) or not (n). If player 2 chooses n, then the game is over, and players receive payoffs (3, 2). If player 2 chooses y, then the players play the following version of the battle of the sexes game in which they choose actions simultaneously. (a) Draw the extensive-form of the game. (b) How many subgames does this game have (including the game itself)? Draw each subgame as a separate tree. (c) Find all pure-strategy subgame perfect equilibria of the game. (d) Does the game have any Nash equilibrium in which both players decide to “play” (i.e., player 1 chooses Y and player 2 chooses y)?

2.Consider the following version of the ultimatum game in which two players have the opportunity to split $10. First, player 1 proposes a number z, where z can take one of (only) five values 0, 1, 3, 5 or 8. Then, player 2 decides whether to accept or reject the proposal. If player 2 accepts the proposal, then player 2 receives z dollars, and player 1 is left with 10−z dollars (e.g., if player 2 accepts z = 3, then player 2 gets $3, and player 1 gets $7). If player 2 rejects it, then both players get $0.(a) Draw the extensive form of this game. (b) How many pure strategies does each player have in the game? (c) Find all pure-strategy subgame perfect equilibria of the game. (d) Does the game have a Nash equilibrium in which player 1 gets only $2?

3.Two players play the following stage-game two times in a row (T = 2) and observe each other’s first-stage action before choosing actions in the second stage. Both players discount second-stage payoffs using a discount factor δ ∈ [0, 1].(a) How many pure strategies does each player have in the two-stage game? (b) Which action profiles can be sustained in the first stage of a pure-strategy subgame perfect equilibrium for δ = 1? (c) What is the smallest δ for which the profile (F, m) can be played in the first stage of a subgame perfect equilibrium?

Socialization and Homeschooling == Alan Moses provided these comments on homeschool socialization on the Home Education Mailing List: I attended the Northern California Home School Association conference this past weekend in Sacramento, and David Colfax commented that the media has pretty much stopped asking him the "socialization" question, since it's becoming obvious that homeschoolers are the best socialized kids in the country. This matches my perception of our kids and their friends — in small groups, on camping trips, and in large groups like the conference, it is a pleasure to see kids of mixed ages and interests interacting with consideration for each other and a minimum of hassles. One friend of mine takes a pre-emptive approach to "the socialization question" (which seems to be the first or second thing we all get asked by non-home-schoolers) and the "workbooks at the kitchen table" image some non-home-schoolers seem to have. She begins talking about homeschooling by saying, "Two of the things I like best about homeschooling are all the positive social contacts the kids have, and that they get to spend so much time learning in the community. The following findings were reported in the study "COMPARISON OF SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT BETWEEN HOME AND TRADITIONALLY SCHOOLED STUDENTS" by Shyers, L. Edward, Ph.D., University of Florida, in 1992: Traditional schools provide for regular classroom contact with children of the same age, and it is assumed that this regular contact with other children aids appropriate social adjustment. By their very nature, homeschools do not provide for regular formal classroom contact with children other than siblings. Because of this obvious difference, parents, educators, legislators and courts have questioned whether children schooled at home are as socially well-adjusted as their agemates in traditional programs. Investigation of this possible difference was the focus of this study. The results of this study imply that children between the ages of 8 and 10 (sample universe for the study) have similar beliefs about themselves regardless of how they are schooled. All age groups in both research populations had self-concept scores higher than the average national average as measured by the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. The results of this study further indicate that children from both schooling environments participating in this study achieved scores on the Children's Assertive Behavior Scale revealing slightly passive understanding of social situations. According to the results of this study, children between the ages of 8 and 10 who had been educated entirely in a homeschool had significantly fewer problem behaviors, as measured by the Direct Observation form of the _Child Behavior Checklist_, than children of the same age from traditional schools. Children of this age in this study, who had been educated entirely in traditional schools, revealed problem behaviors above the normal range for national populations of the same age. It can be concluded from the results of this study that appropriate social skills can develop apart from the formal contact with children other than siblings. This supports the belief held by homeschool proponents. [The answer above is based on a homeschooling FAQ originally edited in 1994 by Dave Mankins for the Home Education Mailing List.] == == * In properly conducted homeschooling there is no reason for socialization to be an issue. If the child is not enrolled in enough activities then yes socialization is a problem. Is your child enrolled in enough? == == * My parents began teaching me at home after the 2nd grade. I decided to attend high school for freshman and sophomore year. Eventually I grew frustrated and bored and left (I suppose I had become somewhat spoiled after being able to move along at my own pace for so many years). But I left AFTER having served as class president, as MADD president, and after having been involved in many extra-curricular activities. I like to think that this speaks for itself when people raise the socialization issue. I never felt deprived as a child, and I certainly did not have any problems when I entered a more conventional setting. I have many close friends from that time in my life, as well as from when I was taught at home. == == * I know a teenage boy who is attending high shcool at home. He is very smart and very nice, but too nice to fit in in a life outside of his home. He gets made fun of because of his kindness. Even though he is nice, it just won't help him make friends, and he won't be able to fit in in a colege landscape. == == * I am 13, and I am homeschooled. I do a lot of other things like acting, art, pottery, and other things. Homeschool is not the reason children are un-sociable, it is over-protective parents or maybe the child is just not very sociable. I wasn't, but when I started acting it really helped a lot. If you force your child to do something we either learn to like it or totally rebel, most of the time we rebel, just because we being told what we are going to do ALL the time. So, my advice? Get your child involved in things he/she WANTS to do, if they don't want to do anything, chose something you think would be fun and work from there. == == * I was homeschooled from 2nd-6th grade. And socialization was a HUGE problem for me when I entered "normal" school for the first time. During the ages of 8-10 my parents involved me in activities such as: tennis, dance, and piano. There were also a lot of friendly kids my age in my neighborhood that came over frequently. However, I still felt throughout my entire school career that I was missing out on a lot of things that kids who went to school got to experience. Once the school year started I never saw my friends from the neighborhood, they were all going out with their school friends to the movie, etc I never got invited. Plus there were the little things like passing notes in class, laughing with the class clown, enjoying recess with other kids, etc.. Once I did start going to "normal" school in the second semester of 6th grade, it was a very small private (Montessori) school. So then I missed out on school dances, and going through puberty with other kids my age. Socialization with boys was very awkward. I felt like I was behind on a lot of things. I didn't get my first kiss until I was 18!!! I've always understood why my parents chose to homeschool me; public school really is a waste of time if you're looking for an education. But socially I've always regreted the things I still feel I missed out on. On the other hand, I know of a few people my age that were homeschooled throughout their entire schooling. And some of them are very very outgoing. One family in particular, each and every one of them are amazing people with outstanding personalitites. There are well versed in just about every subject, they can and will carry on a conversation with everyone they meet. I've compared notes on their homeschooling and mine and the basic difference is that 1. They came from a large family 6 children I think. For me it was just my brother and myself. 2. They were very involved with many activies throughout their entire schooling. /Boy scouts, singing, sports, etc… I think that's what mattered the most. Despite the growing up I feel I missed out on, I have definitely gotten over it. I am a fairly outgoing person, and I did a fine job of catching up on the socializing I missed out on. My advice is if you are considering homeschooling your kids make sure they have lots of time throughout the week to grow up around other kids. If they spend all their time with you they're growth with only be stunted. Good luck with everything! == == * I was homeschooled for six years, starting after fourth grade. I am now 16 and at a community college. While homeschooling has done wonders for me academically, I have to agree with the last reviewer that socialization was definitely an issue. Sure, I participated in activities such as sports and scouting but only till I was 12 or 13. Even so, I was always the outcast because I had left the public schools. For about three years, I had virtually no social activity. While I have been, and always will be, a rather introverted person, the transition to "normal" college was very difficult. Between a combination of my age and general social awkwardness, it has been difficult making friends. I think the biggest problem was learning how to relate to the opposite , because having the typical overprotective home school parents, I didn't have a lot of interaction with guys. Although it's been difficult, I think the academic benefits outweigh the social trauma. I would still reccommend homeschooling, though would suggest that the child always have at least three close friends, and socialize outside the home at least once a week. Hope this helps! == == * I was homeschooled pretty much my entire life, and I am in college now. In my experience, YES, it is much harder for homeschooled kids to have a social life. I never had any friends growing up. When I got to college I had a much harder time adapting because my social skills were not as well developed. I would meet with other homeschooled kids about twice a month or so. It seemed to me that they had similar problem. They didnt seem to have much of a social life outside of those twice a month meetings for a few hours. Some of them (such as myself) were involved in activities like martial arts, but I don't think many of them had friends that they would hang out with on a daily basis for multiple hours or anything. Certainly not the way that kids who go to school do. The thing that always amazed me the most was that homeschool parents would constantly brag about how great their kids social lives were, but if you actually got to know these kids at all you would realize that they really didn't have very great social lives. If you are considering homeschooling, I would advise you to think very carefully about your kids social life and how much of it you are willing to sacrifice. Don't listen blindly to what some homeschooling parent tells you. These people are very biased. Parents don't like to admit that they are wrong, and they are messing up their own kids' lives. == == * I've been homeschooled since 3rd grade, and I'm going to be a college freshman next year. I have never had a problem making friends or socializing. I went to school for a short time in 10th grade; I didn't drop out from lack of socialization, but from the fact that EVERY SINGLE PERSON in my grade cheated on EVERY piece of homework! I am/was a member of a homeschool group of about 20 or so families. Everyone in my youth group knows who I am, and I have friends there. I've socialized with people of all ages my whole life and it's better that way. Do you deal with people your own age all the time? No, you have to deal with people of all ages. I have a boyfriend (who was not homeschooled) who I've been dating about 2 1/2 years. Basically, socialization is not that big of a deal, as long as you have a homeschool support group. You cannot homeschool without a support group because you will get burned out. Moms and kids both need the support of other homeschoolers to know that they are not the only ones having problems. Do not make the mistake that homeschoolers are not socialized! * I'm 15 and a freshman in high school. i was public schooled all my life untill just a few months ago. so i have seen both sides. its seems to me that homeschoolers are very polite and dont have as much drama as public school. when its all homeschoolers together you wudnt even be able to tell a difference. but when the go out some where were there isnt boundries and things you can tell a difference. kids that are public schooled know way more about things that well, maybe they shouldnt but that effects the outside world and homeschoolers only learn about what their parents want them to know. for example i went to the mall with a homeschool friend of mine and we saw my old friends from public school. we had what i thought was just a normal conversation but when we walked away my friend was shocked she said some of the things she did. i told it was normal and she almost didnt believe me. i believe that homeschooling is good and bad. you dont have to deal with near the stress you do with public school. but u miss out on alot of life lessons. I'm a fourteen year old homeschooler. I have tons of friends, in my neighborhood and at church. I'm in my drama group, and we travel a lot. We also have more time to volunteer and stuff. I'm 14 in the 8th. I have been homeschooled since after 4th grade. I have been getting pretty good socializm since I have been at dance, but I quit after I took it a year since I had to be transported to another studio. the s there are pretty mean and negative. so then that's is when I lost my social skill. when I was 13 I asked my mom if I could go back to regular school but she would not let me since I have been picked on at regular school. this year I talked it over with my mom since my older sister convinced me to. I said to my mom "Can I go to regular school when I get to 9th grade? I need to experince people so I will be ready for college." she told me yes!!! I can't wait for next year! And this summer mom sent me to camp and I met what I always wanted to have, a boyfriend!!! So I am sort of experiencing to the opposite . And I have more friends that I thought I wouldn't get too. And parents who read this must do as I say. I am not saying homeschooling is terrible, but I don't want any kids to turn out like I was. I really started to get depressed. If you go to homeschool your kids, make sure you put them in some fun activities that lots and lots of other kids are in. – I was homeschooled up until 7th grade. I was involved in dance, Church activities and my homeschool group, so I never had any problem making friends in school and socializing. Homeschooling also prepared me very well academically for highschool.

Write an essay of 250 word about yourself, your leadership skills, and service involvements you have set for your future and the community.