hange is vital in the healthcare system of the United States because of its fragmented and its disorganized nature (Arroliga, Huber, Myers, Dieckert, & Wesson, 2014). Creating change in the system is, therefore, necessary to advance health care services, thus, providing quality care and safety to all the patients. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate leadership and management in health care services to be able to transform the health care system (Laureate Education, Inc., 2012c). According to the Wall Street Journal (2014), leadership and management must go hand in hand together. Both are complementing each other to set the right direction for a change (Wall Street Journal, 2014).

The Difference Between Leadership and Management

According to Laureate Education, Inc. (2012c), leadership is about creating change, aligning people towards a set direction for change, establishing direction with people through proper communication and good interpersonal relationships. This has been supported by Marquis and Huston (2017) when they emphasized that leadership is dynamic and leaders are the front-runners for changes, often times do not have delegated authority yet able to obtain power through peer influence, have a wider variety of roles, more into teamwork and team building emphasizing good interpersonal relationships.

Management according to Marquis and Huston (2017) is the process of leading and directing an organization through manipulation of resources by planning, budgeting, and establishing goals for the organization or department. Management is associated with position and power due to legitimate authority which emphasizes control and manipulation of subordinates in the process of decision making, analysis, and setting of goals. Managers understand the complexity and order of an organization and manipulate the resources, but does not lead to change (Laureate Education, Inc., 2012c).

Integrating Leadership and Management

In order to transform and facilitate changes in the health care system, it is empirical that nurse should take its lead and role as leaders in the health care changes. Changes will continue in nursing and the health care industry and therefore it is vital that nurses develop the skills and competencies in both leadership and management functions (Marquis & Huston, 2017). The integration of both leadership and management is necessary if we want to see transformation of our health care system. Changes based on evidence-based practice is vital if we want to see a real transformation in our health care system.

New Product/System Implemented in Peritoneal Dialysis Unit

In response to the advancement of technological innovation, Baxter Company (the main supplier of our peritoneal dialysis supplies) came up with a new innovative peritoneal dialysis machine (cycler) that uses the Sharesource Connectivity Platform utilizing the ‘cloud system’. This will allow the clinicians to monitor PD patients’ treatments at home in the PD center, change prescription online and send the changes to patients’ machine using a modem, and order patients’ supplies online using the Sharesource Portal.

Baxter company introduced this innovative advancement June 2017 and required our PD unit to shift patients from CAPD to APD using this new machine (AMIA Machine) in response to evidence-based recommendation saying that automated peritoneal dialysis is more effective and efficient compared to the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Our unit responded positively to this recommendation and came up with a goal to shift ‘ALL’ our patients to APD. Currently, our ratio of patients on APD compared to CAPD is 60% APD and 40% CAPD with a total number of 70 PD patient.

Our nurse manager utilized an organized leadership strategy by allowing a Baxter representative person to initially present the product. It was presented to the nurses first, and then to our three Nephrologists. The presentation was very informative and based on evidence. Secondly, training for the nurse was organized started with our nurse manager first and then followed by the rest of the training nurses. Our nurse manager showed us a great example by being the first to take on the responsibility. When she came back, she encouraged everyone to be trained as well (including the doctors). Our administrator was very supportive and sent us all for the training. As soon as we came back from our training, we immediately started training our patients with the new product. The Baxter company was so supportive that they sent a PD educator to support our unit while we were still learning the new machine.

Advance training and education is one strategy that is very effective in this endeavor. Collaboration with the rest of the multidisciplinary team is another factor why the end result of the change was effective. The attitude of our nurse manager really was the most important factor for success. She took on the lead first and showed us the real example of a real leader who leads the group for a change. She communicated the updates of the changes every meeting to the rest of the team. She presented the vision and goal and lead the group to follow her.

While she was leading the group for the change, she integrated both her leadership and management skills. She requested an additional staff nurse to facilitate the growing PD program. The management is so supportive to the vision and added one more PD nurse to help the program. Currently, our unit is expanding and is successful in this endeavor. Our nurse manager, as a leader and manager, has a vision and goal and is leading the group. And as a manager, she plans well, manipulating her resources (staffing and allocation), she establishes goals for the unit, she involves others in the decision making, and help her staff nurses develop their potentials.

Reflection on Leadership Competencies Required for Success

In my pursuit of leadership and management, I realized that I am a leader and I am an advocate for changes. Leadership is not limited to a position but is dependent on developing a good interpersonal relationship. To become a good leader, I must learn how to lead by having a vision and goal, need to learn how to listen to my subordinates, needs to be developed personally and professionally by educational advancement (EBP), develop others, and learn how to collaborate with the rest of the members of the team.

References

Arroliga, A.C., Huber, C., Myers, J.D., Dieckert, J.P., & Wesson, D. (2014). Leadership in Health Care for the 21 st Century: Challenges and Opportunities. The American Journal of Medicine, 127 (3), 246-249.

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012c). Integrating leadership and management competencies. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Marquis, B.L., & Huston, C.J. (2017). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.

Wall Street Journal (2014). What is the difference between management and leadership?

Retrieved from http://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-lead…

https://www.reddit.com/r/Documentaries/comments/2xtw9w/hot_coffee_2013_the_true_story_of_the_mcdonalds/

Number your answers

Questions 1-6 are worth 2pts each, 7-8 are worth 4pts each

The following sections (500 words or 1-2 slides total) should be added to your research project analysis:

• Your ethical considerations
• Your sample population
• Your data analysis summary
• Your measurement strategy

Based on comments from your instructor and peers in Week 3 and 4, edit and refine any sections of the final research plan. Add a section of 300–500 words or 1-2 slides about how you interpreted the data from your survey or questionnaire in Week 3. Add this section at the end of your research project.

Part two:

Complete the final edits of your final research proposal paper or PowerPoint. The required sections include the following:

• The business and organizational problem or topic
• The problem statement
• The research strategy that you used to explore the problem
• 1 research question or hypothesis
• Your rationale for selecting your proposed research strategy
• 1 research instrument that you will use to collect data
• A copy of the questionnaire or survey
• A section on ethical considerations for your project
• Your sample population
• Your data analysis summary
• Your measurement strategy
• The research results

pick an essay from the book “They Say I Say” from pages (91-209) and write a rhetorical analysis paper in response.

1. Carefully read the essay you are supposed to respond to. Read actively—take notes, highlight, argue with the text, note what it reminds you of, or other essays that might support or refute it.
2. Your job is NOT to agree or disagree with the essay per see. Your job is to determine if the essay is “well argued.” There are a number of things to look at that we will be covering in class. Use what you know now (& ifyou’re ambitious, look in to some of these ideas before we get to them) to analyze the essay.
3. You should be applying at least 3 kinds of knowledge to the writing of each and every paper for my class: 1) understanding of what constitutes rhetorical analysis (which points 6 & 7 below cover in some depth, and we will try to do every day in class), 2) effective rhetorical practices, as covered in They Say, I Say, and 3) understanding of logic, critical reading & critical writing, as covered in the handouts under Files.
4. Use outside sources to support your arguments about the essay. Each four page paper should have at least 2 outside sources. An acceptable paper will use all its outside sources in the text (not just list them in the Works Cited page). A very good paper will use each several times. You must have at least three sources (including the original essay) listed in your Works Cited page. Use sources as outlined in points 6 & 7.
5. Paper page counts are meaningful, and do not include Works Cited, covers, or anything else which isn’t writing.
6. Use your sources to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the argument you are analyzing, not the arguments themselves. So…not “The original essay says X is wrong, but this essay says it’s right,” but “Theoriginal essay had few facts supporting its case, but this essay, by so-and-so, uses dozens of facts in the first two pages to build a rational argument that is very difficult to dispute.”
7. You may analyze the essays a number of ways. Here are a few of the most effective:
   • Compare to other essays on the same topic by others. Sometimes you can find articles that respond directly to yours, other times you will have to find pieces which are simply on the same topic. Who is more logical? Who uses more or better evidence? Who is fairer? Who is more qualified?
   • Look, in depth, at the appeals (rational/emotional/ethical) that the author uses to make their arguments. Rational appeals are about logic & objective (science/observation based) evidence. Emotional appeals are about appeal to others’ feelings or shared humanity. Ethical appeals are about how a writer argues: Do they use & identify reputable sources? Does the evidence say what they say it does? Do they deliberate lie/distort or confuse the audience? Are they fair, honest, persuasive?

• Look at the logic used in the essay. Does the author use any logical fallacies? How do you knowit’s a fallacy?
• Look at the evidence the author uses. Does it come from reputable sources? Is it current? Does it say what he/she says it says? Is it plentiful enough?
• Does the author anticipate opposition? When they bring up objections that they will argue against, are they “real” objections (that an actual human would make?) or are they “straw men”—designed to make their opponents look foolish, and not meaningfully critical or realistic?
• Does the author make any unfair arguments: attacks on his opponents’ personal lives, name calling, slander, etc.?

link to the ebook: https://drive.google.com/file/d/112NWkixumAudhr9uhuZYy8Bf9arwjCBk/view?usp=sharing

Attached is the PDF of article for cognitive biases. Please look at the attached document and write a 600 word document in APA format and include the references. The document should consist of the following:

Key Term: cognitive biases

DEFINITION: a brief definition of the key term followed by the APA reference for the term; this does not count in the word requirement.

SUMMARY: Summarize the article in your own words- this should be in the 150-word range. Be sure to note the article’s author, note their credentials and why we should put any weight behind his/her opinions, research or findings regarding the key term.

DISCUSSION: Using 350 words, write a brief discussion, in your own words of how the article relates to the selected chapter Key Term. A discussion is not rehashing what was already stated in the article, but the opportunity for you to add value by sharing your experiences, thoughts and opinions. This is the most important part of the assignment.

REFERENCES: All references must be listed at the bottom of the submission–in APA format. (continued) Be sure to use the headers in your submission to ensure that all aspects of the assignment are completed as required.