Prejudice and Discrimination

Introduction

In many parts of the world and throughout history, prejudice and discrimination exist in different forms. Racism, nepotism, gender discrimination and discrimination against people with disabilities are examples of prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice concerns the irrational and inflexible feelings or thoughts retained by a particular individual or group of persons towards an individual or group of people. Discrimination is the act of developing unwarranted behavior while directing them towards an individual or group of persons. This research project determines the various causes of discrimination and prejudice in contemporary society. The idea is to determine the various ways in which discrimination and prejudice present itself in society together with its effects on society.

Literature review

Because of the existing differences among the societies in the world as well as the differences within the workplaces, many researchers have conducted extensive surveys to determine the sources of differences. As a result, comprehensive literature on discrimination and prejudice is born including the major causes of these kinds of discrimination and prejudice as well as the possible mitigation measures to avoid extremes of the prejudices and discrimination.

According to the study by Snellman(2007), discrimination and prejudice emerge from different sources. Although the study determines that, there exists no precise cause of discrimination and prejudice, subconscious attitudes and perceptions influence people to develop feelings of discontentment concerning others while directing the feelings towards the target population. Discriminating individuals often use other people as scapegoats. The research shows that discrimination and prejudice exist in a very complex state demonstrating the diverse factors and behaviors causing different forms of discrimination including nepotism, racism, ethnicity, stereotyping and other forms of prejudice.

The conclusions from the research by Tileagă (2015) reveal that economic benefits and socialization are major predictors and causes of prejudice and discrimination. For example, the differences in income between individuals influence the formation of a particular social class. Notably, the rise in lifestyle somewhat makes people develop a certain attitude towards low-income earners or people without adequate money to spend. In this regard, the rise in lifestyle not only influence exclusion and seclusions but also makes people have some perceptions towards other individuals. Consequently, a particular group of people develops attitudes towards the other while discriminating each other.

Whitley Jr. & Kite (2016) determines that ethnocentrism is a major cause of prejudice and discrimination throughout history. Ethnocentrism concerns the behavior of evaluating other people’s cultural practices basing on the assessor’s culture. For example, since the 15th century, racism has very apparent in the United States. Many people develop certain stereotypes for African Americans, Asian Americans and other immigrants majorly because of the differences in cultures. While some people concentrate on the color of the skin of a certain group of people, others consider the practices of people from where the target group comes from. For example, racists evaluate the conducts, practices, and behaviors of the Africans with the aim to establish the difference with their original culture. The latter develops a particular perception of the target group.

The literature also reveals that group closures or the development of boundaries for a particular population increase discrimination. It is notable that likeminded people often form groups to drive some interests. As such, the members often define some boundaries that restrict others from joining the group. With these kinds of boundaries, some people develop some negative feelings and attitude towards the group. Similarly, people may form a group with the aim to block the association with others. This way, people continue to have negative perceptions and attitudes towards each other. The developed attitudes influence some conducts and behaviors. The respective parties direct the formed behaviors towards the target group bringing forth discrimination and other forms of prejudice (Dovidio, Hewstone, Glick& Esses, 2010).

Another major source of discrimination and prejudice as depicted by Snellman (2007) is the social status. Sometimes, people develop a sense of self-satisfaction or lack thereof. When people determine their abilities to satisfy their needs, they mainly grow some attitudes towards others. While the sense of self-satisfaction may influence the need for power and authority, the feelings may lead to undermining other people’s abilities or lack of integration with certain individuals. As such, people continue to form some distances and stereotypes concerning other groups. Consequently, the people end up discriminating one another in various events and life situations. In workplaces, for example, discrimination and prejudice force the employer to turn down job application from specific communities, races or gender mainly because of the undue perceptions against the jobseekers.

According to the existing literature, people with authoritarian personalities largely have tendencies to influence discrimination and prejudice. Primarily, authoritarian personalities make people reject openly any person they feel are inferior (Whitley Jr. & Kite, 2016). Similarly, the authoritarian people submit without questions to the people they feel that they have some flourishing energies, drive or power. This kind of rejection of a particular group of persons is a form of prejudice and discrimination and that the rejected persons are likely to develop some attitudes or perceptions towards the authoritarian persons. The formed perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and attitudes lead to discrimination and prejudice.

According to a recent survey by Whitley Jr. & Kite (2016), various theories provide solutions to discrimination and prejudice. The self-esteem theory determines that increased knowledge and self-esteem decreases the development of prejudice and discrimination. Whitley Jr. & Kite (2016) argue that education increases the level of understanding among people. Additionally, socialization requires a high level of self-esteem among people. In this regard, combining education and self-esteem, people will not only understand each other but also will improve their interpersonal and intergroup relations thus avoiding any possible conflicts that may trigger unwarranted feelings attitudes and perceptions about each other. The latter would avoid discrimination and prejudice.

The cooperation hypothesis determines that conflicting groups must learn to develop strategies and a shared objective while foregoing their interests for the benefit of the group (Tileagă, 2015). According to this theory, it is apparent that members of a group are likely to enhance their relationship by establishing a common goal, foregoing their interests and committing to the group’s effectiveness.

The legal theory determines that creating and enforcing laws against unwanted behaviors can eliminate discrimination and prejudice in society. it is apparent that people have different interests and feelings towards different situations in life. However, every society needs to establish acceptable practices and the penalties for contradicting the set social standards.

Conclusion

As determined above, prejudice and discrimination are a historical, social disorder that has a greater impact on the economic and other aspects of life. The literature reveals that subconscious attitudes and perceptions influence people to develop feelings of discontentment concerning others while directing the feelings towards the target population.

Page Break

References

Dovidio, J. F., Hewstone, M., Glick, P., & Esses, V. M. (2010). Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: a theoretical and empirical overview. The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination, 3-29. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b1ce/a4d91d9593ba…

Snellman, A., (2007). Social Hierarchies, Prejudice, and Discrimination. Retrieved from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:170901…

Tileagă, C. (2015). The nature of prejudice: Society, discrimination and moral exclusion. Routledge.

Whitley Jr, B. E., & Kite, M. E. (2016). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Routledge.

Assignment: Governance
and Fraud in Health Care Organizations – Legal and Ethical Responsibilities

Instructions

From the topics covered in
Weeks 3-4, select one law related to financial management in health care
organizations. We discussed such laws as False Claims Act, Stark Law etc.
Include a cover page and a list of references at the end of the paper in APA
Format.  Paper will be double spaced and be 4-5 pages in 12 point New
Times Roman font. [No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so.  Thus 3 and
half page paper will be penalized.]

The assignment is to be written
in clear, concise narrative. All sections in the outline for Assignment #2 are
required. The majority of the paper should be devoted to two sections:  a)
The three (3) case examples and penalties of those found guilty; and b) the
three (3) remedial steps involving management intervention to reverse the non-compliance
in organizations such as these.

Outline:  Must use the
underlined headings from the outline below in your paper and the paper
must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format. 5% penalty
deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper. 

1. 
 Name of the Law and or laws:  

State the official title of the federal and/or state law, the statute and
section number.  Must be either a federal statute or state statute or you
must cite both if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law
that covers your subject picked then you must cite both. Do not assume
that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a
federal and state law. You must use the laws cited in this section throughout
the rest of the paper.

2.
 Management’s Financial responsibilities: 

What is the health care
organization’s responsibilities under this financial management
statute? Provide a comprehensive discussion of three (3) specific
responsibilities under the financial management statute. Cite where this
responsibility is stated in the law. Describe the appropriate behavior and
expectation. Include the citations and source of documents describing the
organization’s responsibilities. 

3. 
Consequences for Ethical or Legal Breach: 

Discuss in general the civil and criminal consequences from the law. Then
identify from the news, three (3) specific real life case examples of health
care organizations or health care providers found guilty of a legal or ethical
breach relative to the law you have cited in first part of paper. Identify the
specific legal and/or ethical breach and the penalties assessed to the health
service organizations and/or individuals found guilty of violating the law or ethics
[provide citation of law].  At the end of each case, discuss in detail
whether you agree or not with the decision and why. Bring in the facts of the
case to support your comments. Students should use a minimum of three (3)
documented specific examples retrieved from the print media. 

4. 
HCO Management’s remedial steps to reverse the
non-compliance organizations:

Describe in detail three (3)
specific management actions or remedial steps you would take to ensure the
financial management in the health care organization meets or exceeds the
federal law or state law relative to the requirements of the law you cited
above. Discuss how each of the three management actions specifically meets or
exceeds the specific federal or state law you cited. Be specific as to how
exactly each step meets or exceeds specific federal or state law. Note: These
actions may include specific uses of technology, procedures, human resource
training, and other management tools.  However these action steps must be
within the control of a manager. 

5. Conclusion: Summary
your findings above

6. 
Reference List [APA Format]

 The paper must be:

· 
Be sure and use the
underlined headings found in the outline below in your paper. Paper must be in
narrative format not outline or bullets. 

· 
Double spaced and be 4-5 pages
in 12 point New Times Roman font. [No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so.
 Thus 3 and half page paper will be penalized.]

· 
Include a cover page [not
counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper
[Provide a short name for the legal responsibility the specific health care
organization has for one type of patient right in a specific setting
] 

· 
At the end of the paper a list
of references in APA Format [not counted as a page]    

· 
Be prepared using word-processing
software and saved with a .doc, .docx,

· 
Must footnote all facts in the
paper. For example use sequential numbers starting with “1” and this number
should correspond to full citation at the end of the paper. Do not put
footnote citations at end of each page but at end of entire paper. 

· 
Footnote examplebelow

In the body of the paper
example:

(Healthcare Financial
Management Association (U.S.), Ernst, & Young, 2000).

At the end of the paper
example:

References

Healthcare Financial
Management Association (U.S.), Ernst, & Young. (2000). Health care
system reform: A provider perspective : survey results. Westchester, Ill.: Healthcare Financial
Management Association.

 Except where noted, the
assignment is written in clear, concise narrative. All sections of Assignment
#2 are required.

Use the CSU Online Library to locate and review a scholarly article found in a peer-reviewed journal related to HR

selection methods, analyzing work, designing jobs, or HR planning. In peer-reviewed journals, the articles were reviewed

by other professionals in the field to ensure the accuracy and quality of the articles, which is ideal when writing an article

critique.

BHR 3352, Human Resource Management 5

Research tip: When researching using the databases, you can limit your search to only peer-reviewed articles. To do this,

look for the phrase “limit results,” and select “peer-reviewed articles.”

Once you have selected your article, follow the below criteria:

 There is a minimum requirement of 500 words for the article critique.

 Write a summary of the article. This should be one to three paragraphs in length, depending on the length of the

article. Include the purpose for the article, how research was conducted, the results, and other pertinent

information from the article.

 Identify the selection criteria and methods and how they relate to hiring at the organization in the article.

 Discuss the meaning or implication of the results of the study that the article covers. This should be one to two

paragraphs. This is where you offer your opinion on the article. Discuss any flaws with the article, how you think it

could have been better, and what you think it all means.

 Write one paragraph discussing how the author could expand on the results, what the information means in the

big picture, what future research should focus on, or how future research could move the topic forward. Discuss

how knowledge in the area could be expanded.

Any sources used, including the textbook and the article, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must

have accompanying citations in APA format.

Directions for Annotated Bibliography Project

1. Students will choose FOUR topics from the following research list below:

Askia Muhammad, The Middle Passage, John Newton, Phillis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, Crispus Attucks, Toussaint L’Ouverture, The Haitian Revolution for Independence, David Walker, Richard Allen, Paul Cuffe, The America Colonization Society, Nat Turner, Harriet Tubman, The Underground Railroad, Sojourner Truth, William Lloyd Garrison, The Anti-Slavery/Abolitionist Movement, Frederick Douglass, The Dred Scott Decision, Jim Crow and Segregation, Maria W. Stewart, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, Martin R. Delany, Henry Highland Garnet, The Amistad Mutiny, John Q. Adams and the Amistad Case, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, John Brown’s Raid, The Emancipation Proclamation, The 54th Massachusetts Regiment, Lincoln and Slavery, Reconstruction, Sharecropping, Ida B. Wells, and Booker T. Washington.

2. Find two articles for each topic chosen. In one large paragraph, take topic #1 and (a) summarize each of the two articles; (b) compare the two articles to each other; and (3) give a personal statement as to why this topic is important to African American history and culture in your eyes.

Do the same for topics #2–#4 in three additional paragraphs.

Minimum size for each of the four topics is at least one-half page, single-spaced.

3. The articles you select are to come from professional/scholarly journals and periodicals only – not popular magazines and newspapers.

4. You are required to use the APA format for this project.

5. Paper must be typed, single-spaced and stapled.

Use no larger than a 12 font.

6. Do not attach a cover page: in one line at top of first page, give your name, my name, course number and date 

7. Do not use double spacing; single-spacing only is allowed.

I want the paper in “6 hours”, and I “will not pay” until I get the paper done.