Strategic Management Discussion Post & 4 Student Replies

/in /by

Learning Activity #1: Individual

I need the initial post by Thursday and once i post it, I can send the student responses that I will need replies to. Please make the initial post several paragraphs and use as many sources as possible. At least 5 if you can. The replies can be like 3 paragraphs using at least one source.

This week we read of the role of board of directors in large, publicly traded corporations to ensure that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is implemented in a way that mitigates unethical or illegal behavior. Select one of the following industry’s listed below and identify positive and negative examples of corporate social behavior – explain how that behavior affected (positively or negatively) that industry and what can/should be done to mitigate that behavior. As always, please support and justify your answer using APA formatted references.

  • Airline
  • Banking
  • Healthcare
  • Retail
  • Fast Food
  • Oil/Gas
  • Wall Street (Investment/wealth management, Investment Banking)

Learning Activity #2: Individual

Irrespective of your individual/personal thoughts on climate change/global warming, do environmental sustainability initiatives exert any measurable impacts on an organization’s [your current employer or assignment #1 company] sustainable profitable growth?, why, why not? Present substantive supporting argument(s).

Sources

Strategic Management:

  • Chapter 10: Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social Responsibility, Pages 314-338.

Research Question and Ethical Considerations and Methodology, sociology homework help

/in /by

Hello I am seeking 2-3 page paper on these questions listed below. I do have a Literature Review that you can get some information from, the paper needs to be based on what the literature review is talking about which is about Muslim women in America and the religious significance of the Hijab and how things changed after 9/11.

The research proposal should follow these formatting guidelines: two to three pages, double-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman

There are references at the bottom of the Literature Review that you are more than welcome to use!

PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE if you have questions just ask.

  1. Research Question and Ethical Considerations:
    1. a) Based on the previous research you located from the literature review, create a research question or statement, and explain its creation.
    2. b) Describe the implications of your research.
      1. What will your research do for the community at large or the field in which you are working?
    3. c) Discuss how you will gain access to, or conduct, your data collection from people and cultures in an ethical manner. (Provide specific examples of
      ethical dilemmas that may arise.)
    4. d) Create a hypothesis that describes the expected relationship between the research variables.
  2. Methodology: In this section, you will describe the “how” of your research design.

    1. a) Describe your proposed methodology and why you decided to use this methodology. (Consider using qualitative data, quantitative data, or a mix
      of both if necessary.)
    2. b) Describe the scale of your research, justifying your sample size. (Be sure to explain the boundaries of the population in your justification. If you
      are planning to analyze a secondary dataset, explain the implications of its size on your research question.)
    3. c) Explain how you plan to analyze your collected data. (Will it be descriptive or inferential? How will you analyze subjective data differently from
      objective data?)

Complete Two Part Literacy Task

/in /by

PART 1:

In order to understand the literacy needs of students, teachers need to observe and assess their students regularly. Understanding the strengths and needs that currently exist among their students is essential. Effectively creating a literacy-based learning environment in the classroom, begins by determining these needs.

Allocate at least 3 hours in the field to support this field experience.

Observe the students in your field experience classroom to determine an appropriate literacy plan for these students. Collaborate with your mentor teacher to create a cross-curricular lesson in Topic 5 and teach in Topic 6. While observing students, identify the following:

  • Learning strengths and limitations
  • Monitor reactions and behaviors
  • Literacy needs
  • The literacy strategies used and any modifications needed

At the end of your field experience, discuss your observations with your mentor teacher . Ask your mentor teacher for any relevant information you may have missed or that you need to be aware of to plan for your cross-curricular lesson in Topic 5.

Use any remaining field experience hours to assist the teacher in providing instruction and support to the class.

Based on your observations, write a 250-500 word reflection of what you observed as well as the discussion with your mentor teacher. Briefly describe the modifications you would need to make to your Literacy Action Plan from Topic 3 for the group of students you observed. Explain how you will apply this to your future professional practices related to implementing and modifying literacy plans.

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected

PART 2

Reviewing a Literacy Plan

A schoolwide literacy plan needs to include specific support so that content-area teachers implement literacy instruction that is research-based, effective, strategic, and engaging. They must select texts that support the integration of language, reading, and writing while also developing literacy skills such as vocabulary knowledge and comprehension. Teachers of secondary readers know various ways to adapt strategies for individual students.

Using the “Grand High School Literacy Plan for Grades 9-12,” write a 500-750 word overview of how you will implement this literacy plan for the students described in the “Class Profile.”

Address the following:

  • Describe how you would meet the goals for these students based on the literacy plan.
  • Explain how you would select and adapt literacy strategies for integrating language, reading, and writing within content area curricula for the students in the “Class Profile” who are reading below grade level based on this literacy plan.
  • Explain how you would incorporate interventions for the students with disabilities, English language learners, as well as students with dyslexia.
  • Describe the leadership role of a reading/literacy specialist in this particular school and classroom with the students, as well as the teacher.
  • Discuss how you will provide the necessary communication to all stakeholders based on the literacy plan.
  • Explain how you would monitor and modify the literacy plan for these students.

While APA style format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

What have you learned during the term?, reflective essay help (2-3 pages)

/in /by

Here is a description of what I need. I will provide the two
essays that I wrote so you can use that in this paper along with two journals
that I wrote and two discussion questions. They need to be incorporated into
this paper, not necessarily word per word but an example. It only needs to be
2-3 pages.

The final essay should reflect on your thought process,
assess your experience, and provide evidence from your own writing and unique
point of view on composing to clearly communicate to your audience what you
have learned during the term.

In this essay, you need to cite examples from your own work
to illustrate points you make. Provide an in-text reference for each example to
identify the essay draft, journal, or possibly even a discussion post that you
mention. Acknowledge feedback from your instructor and peers with in-text
references as well.

Specifically the following critical
elements must be addressed:

1. Reread the first and final drafts of your essays and your
journals; then, reflect on the writing process and how it has impacted your own
writing and thought processes this term. Form your own conclusions about how
the writing process impacts student writing in general.

2. Explain the writing process by identifying each component
and its direct impact in improving student writing.

3. Analyze the writing process’s value and how it improves student
writing.

4. Ensure that the essay contains a clear point of view and
uses a voice and perspective that is required in a formal final essay.

5. Cite specific examples from your own works (between your
narrative essay draft and final narrative essay draft, or your persuasive essay
draft and final persuasive essay draft, or both essays) to support the main
points of your reflection.

6. Ensure that the essay is organized in a way that creates
a seamless flow between different sections.

7. Ensure that there are no errors related to grammar,
spelling, citations, or syntax.

8. What skills grew
with the exercises? What did you discover about the writing process as you
worked on the exercises?

9. What
useful feedback did the instructor offer during this process? How did you apply
it to improve the essay(s) or build skills with writing, or both?

Here is a way you can organize it if this helps. 

•Introduction – Brief overview
of where you started in terms of writing skills, what you struggled with and
what you have learned.

•Body Section 1 – Discuss things
you struggled with, including specific assignments and examples (quotes) from
those assignments. You could include grades and any specific feedback (quotes)
you received. This section can be 1-3 paragraphs.

•Body Section 2 – Discuss the
specific things you have learned from the e-learning materials, including a
description of the writing process. Be sure to give specific examples (quotes)
from several Modules. This section can be 1-3 paragraphs.

•Body Section 3 – Discuss what
you think you did well with in the course, and/or discuss the most important
lesson you have learned about yourself as a writer. This section can be
1-3 paragraphs.

•Conclusion – How will you use
what you have learned, and what do you still need to work on?

journals.docx
narrative_draft_and_finished.docx
narrative_draft_and_finished.docx

Understanding the Flow of Negotiations: Stages and Phases

/in /by

Understanding the Flow of Negotiations: Stages and Phases

A. The typical steps or flow in a negotiation can be found in the phase models of negotiation:

1. Initiation.

2. Problem solving.

3. Resolution.

Defines these three phases and give a thorough example of each.



Requirements (please read)

For each discussion, you are required to write an initial post (400 words) and one secondary post (300 words). The discussion forums will be worth 40 points apiece—25 points for the initial post and 15 points for the secondary post. For your initial post, you must have two academic peer-reviewed articles for references. You must get them from the library. There are directions at the top of our Moodle page showing how to utilize the library.

Grading for discussions.

  • All discussions must be completed on-time and must include in-text citations and references in APA style formatting. If you do not use in-text citations or they are not in APA format you will lose 3 points. If you do not have references or if they are not in APA format, you will lose 5 points. (You do not need citations and references for secondary posts).
  • You will lose 10% based on word count if your posts are too short. For example, your initial post is 300 words, if you have 250 words you will lose 5 points. 50 words short times 10% (50 x .10 = 5).
  • If any part of your post is copied and pasted (ANY POST), you will receive a “0”. I will not ask you about it and you will not have a chance to resubmit the post.
  • If your post is late, you will lose points depending on how late the post is. If you post two weeks late or later, you will not receive any points. No points will be given for any assignment posted after the class ends.

Complete 10 slide Presentation on Social Media (M6 ASSIGNMENT)

/in /by

M6 Assignment

The M6 Assignment will have two parts.

Part One requires you to create guidelines for communicating effectively using social media. You will research what different organizations have created and also review what your own organization has created to ensure that employees follow the professional guidelines for communicating through social media on behalf of the organization. Your guidelines will be written in a report-style to your company’s CEO. If you are not currently employed, you can create a mock company in which to use for this assignment. Your report will be a minimum of two pages. Please include a cover page and a reference page with your report submission. You should use a minimum of four sources with APA formatting.

Part Two requires you to consider your own digital footprint and how your actions online will impact your professional career. You will create a PowerPoint presentation that includes the following elements:

  1. Discussion of which social media platforms you use and for what purposes
  2. Discussion of how social media impacts one’s ability to be hired by a company
  3. Discussion of what type of digital footprint you will create for yourself

The PPT presentation should be a minimum of 10 content slides (not including the cover slide or the reference slide). Include either speaker notes in the “notes” section in the slides or record audio on each slide. A minimum of two sources are required. Use APA formatting for all sources.

When you are ready to submit your slides and script, you must save your slides in a format with the slides on the top of a page, with the accompanying notes (your script) beneath each slide, as seen below.

Beware of GOLDFISH EFFECT Ww, g&5fsh do with Ota that an span g that's We fm all Mt grab trot In tp.t drill into it detail. within

Do not submit a PowerPoint file. Instead, print your notes pages to PDF, or export your presentation to Word, and choose the layout with “notes below slides.” I must be able to see both your slide and script on the same page; if not, your speech will be returned with a zero for a grade, and you will have one opportunity to revise.

If you are using Microsoft PowerPoint, see the article Print slides with or without speaker notes and for how to do this using Google Slides, see https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/docs/NlKimlcNaaQ

Jim Boree, owner of Boree’s Bushings and Things, assignment help

/in /by

Jim Boree, owner of Boree’s Bushings and Things has enlisted your
help as his business manager to educate the rest of his employees on
internal controls within the company. However, before you can do so, you
must first educate them on what internal controls are.

Your initial post must share where have you seen internal control
measures in your personal or professional life, and which of the five
aspects of internal control they relate to: control environment, risk
assessment, control activities, information and communication, and
monitoring.

For your second post, create a short memo addressed to Jim
Boree’s staff listing and describing the five main aspects of internal
control. Address why internal control systems exist. What are their
primary functions? Submit your answer in the discussion forum as a new
post.

post must be 90 words or more

The Cash Flow Statement

Review the partially completed cash flow statement for Ma and Pa Grocery for the period ended December 31, 20## in the excel document attached

Requirements:

  • Complete the missing areas of the Statement of Cash Flows for the period ending December 31, 20##.

multiple choice questions for Professional Practice in architecture, business and finance homework help

/in /by

Hello. i want help to answer this multiple choice questions below.

1-Which of the following is true about copyrights?

a-A copyright does not exist until registered

b-A copyright protects both the documents and the design

c-A copyright can not be transferred to others

d-A copyright should only be used on work that may be repeated

2-The Standard of Reasonable Care is

a-Is a law that was passed in 1970..

b-a-Is not a law, but a concept used as the basis for determining the minimum acceptable performance of an architect

c-Has to do with ethics, not legal considerations

d-Should never be discussed directly with a client

3-Which of the following is not a common ethics violation?

a-Employers denying former employees access to samples of their work

b- Inappropriate use of technology and/or intellectual property

c- Inaccurate representation of qualifications

d- Proper attribution of credit

4-Which one of the following is not a characteristic of a profession?

a-Expertise and judgment

b- Registration

c- Relative autonomy

d- Collective bargaining

5-Zoning ordinances …

a-Regulate the size of buildings

b-Regulate land use

c- Historically, encouraged the separation of uses

d- All of the above

6- Building codes..

a-Have different objectives than zoning laws

b-Are intended to deal with separation of land uses

c-Are always straight forward and easy to interpret

d-Are administered by the local planning commission

A thorough understanding of ethics and the ethical guidelines that govern the wo

/in /by

A thorough understanding of ethics and the ethical guidelines that govern the world of clinical psychology is very important for both the professionals who work in the field, as well as those they seek to treat. The ability to effectively deliver informed consent is a big part of that understanding, in particular with regard to the application of all forms of psychotherapy.

Through the use of Chapter Five (pp. 113-115) in the text, as well as the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2010), in at least 250 words, provide a set of guidelines that detail the necessary elements of an effective informed consent form, as it relates to providers of psychotherapy and clinical psychology. You are not required to develop an informed consent form, simply provide an outline of what constitutes effective informed consent.

Resources:

American Psychological Association. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2010). Retrieved fromhttp://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx?item=1

Pages 113 – 115

ebook

Clinical
Psychology: Science, Practice, and Culture

What Makes Multiple Relationships Unethical?

Not every multiple relationship is, by definition,
unethical. To help identify the specific elements of multiple relationships
that characterize them as unethical, we again turn to Ethical Standard 3.05a:

A psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple
relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to
impair the psychologist’s objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in
performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks
exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship
exists. Multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause
impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical. (American Psychological
Association, 2002, p. 1065)

As this standard indicates, there are essentially two
criteria for impropriety in a multiple relationship. The first involves
impairment in the psychologist; if the dual role with the client makes it
difficult for the psychologist to remain objective, competent, or effective,
then it should be avoided. The second involves exploitation or harm to the
client. Psychologists must always remember that the therapist–client
relationship is characterized by unequal power, such that the therapist’s role
involves more authority and the client’s role involves more vulnerability,
especially as a consequence of some clients’ presenting problems (Pope, 1994;
Schank et al., 2003). Thus, ethical psychologists remain vigilant about exploiting
or harming clients by clouding or crossing the boundary between professional
and nonprofessional relationships. Above all, the client’s well-being, not the
psychologist’s own needs, must remain the overriding concern.

As the last line of the standard above indicates, it is
possible to engage in a multiple relationship that is neither impairing to the
psychologist nor exploitive or harmful to the client. (And in some settings,
such as small communities, such multiple relationships may be difficult to avoid.
We discuss this in more detail later in this chapter.) However, multiple
relationships can be ethically treacherous territory, and clinical
psychologists owe it to their clients and themselves to ponder such
relationships with caution and foresight. Sometimes, major violations of the
ethical standard of multiple relationships are preceded by “a slow process of
boundary erosion” (Schank et al., 2003, p. 183). That is, a clinical
psychologist may engage in some seemingly harmless, innocuous behavior that doesn’t
exactly fall within the professional relationship—labeled by some as a
“boundary crossing” (Gabbard, 2009b; Zur, 2007)—and although this behavior is
not itself grossly unethical, it can set the stage for future behavior that is.
These harmful behaviors are often called “boundary violations” and can cause
serious harm to clients, regardless of their initial intentions (Gutheil &
Brodsky, 2008; Zur, 2009).

As an example of an ethical “slippery slope” of this type,
consider Dr. Greene, a clinical psychologist in private practice. Dr. Greene
finishes a therapy session with Annie, a 20-year-old college student, and soon
after the session, Dr. Greene walks to his car in the parking lot. On the way,
he sees Annie unsuccessfully trying to start her car. He offers her a ride to
class, and she accepts. As they drive and chat, Annie realizes that she left
her backpack in her car, so Dr. Greene lends her some paper and pens from his
briefcase so she will be able to take notes in class. Dr. Greene drops off
Annie and doesn’t give his actions a second thought; after all, he was merely
being helpful. However, his actions set a precedent with Annie that a certain
amount of nonprofessional interaction is acceptable. Soon, their out-of-therapy
relationship may involve socializing or dating, which would undoubtedly
constitute an unethical circumstance in which Annie could eventually be
exploited or harmed. Although such “boundary erosion” is not inevitable
(Gottlieb & Younggren, 2009), minor boundary infractions can foster the
process. As such, clinical psychologists should give careful thought to certain
actions—receiving or giving gifts, sharing food or drink, self-disclosing one’s
own thoughts and feelings, borrowing or lending objects, hugging—that may be
expected and normal within most interpersonal relationships but may prove
detrimental in the clinical relationship (Gabbard, 2009b; Gutheil &
Brodsky, 2008; Zur, 2009).

COMPETENCE

The American Psychological Association’s (2002) code of
ethics devotes an entire section of ethical standards to the topic of
competence. In general, competent clinical psychologists are those who are
sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete
the professional tasks they undertake (Nagy, 2012).

One specific ethical standard in the section on competence
(2.01a) addresses the boundaries of competence: “Psychologists provide
services, teach, and conduct research with populations and in areas only within
the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training,
supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience”
(American Psychological Association, 2002, p. 1063).

An important implication of this standard is that having a
doctoral degree or a license in psychology does not automatically make a
psychologist competent for all professional activities. Instead, the
psychologist must be specifically competent for the task at hand. As an
example, consider Dr. Kumar, a clinical psychologist who attended a doctoral
training program in which she specialized in child clinical psychology. All her
graduate coursework in psychological testing focused on tests appropriate for
children, and in her practice, she commonly uses such tests. Dr. Kumar receives
a call from Rick, an adult seeking an intelligence test for himself. Although
Dr. Kumar has extensive training and experience with children’s intelligence
tests, she lacks training and experience with the adult versions of these
tests. Rather than reasoning, “I’m a licensed clinical psychologist, and
clinical psychologists give these kinds of tests, so this is within the scope
of my practice,” Dr. Kumar takes a more responsible, ethical approach. She
understands that she has two options: become adequately competent (through
courses, readings, supervision, etc.) before testing adults such as Rick, or
refer adults to another clinical psychologist with more suitable competence.

Psychologists not only need to become competent, but they
must also remain competent: “Psychologists undertake ongoing efforts to develop
and maintain their competence” (Standard 2.03, American Psychological
Association, 2002, p. 1064). This standard is consistent with the continuing
education regulations of many state licensing boards. That is, to be eligible
to renew their licenses, psychologists in many states must attend lectures,
participate in workshops, complete readings, or demonstrate in some other way
that they are sharpening their professional skills and keeping their knowledge
of the field current.

Among the many aspects of competence that clinical
psychologists must demonstrate is cultural competence (as discussed extensively
in the previous chapter). Ethical Standard 2.01b (American Psychological
Association, 2002) states that when

an understanding of factors associated with age, gender,
gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual
orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status is essential for
effective implementation of their services or research, psychologists have or
obtain the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to
ensure the competence of their services. (pp. 1063–1064)

Ethical psychologists do not assume a “one-size-fits-all”
approach to their professional work. Instead, they realize that clients differ
in important ways, and they ensure that they have the competence to choose or
customize services to suit culturally and demographically diverse clients
(Salter & Salter, 2012). Such competence can be obtained in many ways,
including through coursework, direct experience, and efforts to increase one’s
own self-awareness. Readings sponsored by the American Psychological
Association, such as the “Guidelines for Psychotherapy With Lesbian, Gay, and
Bisexual Clients” (Division 44, 2000) and “Guidelines for Providers of
Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse
Populations” (American Psychological Association, 1993) can also be important
contributors to cultural competence for clinical psychologists.

It is important to note that ethical violations involving
cultural incompetence (e.g., actions reflecting racism or sexism) are viewed
just as negatively by nonprofessionals as other kinds of ethical violations,
such as confidentiality violations and multiple relationships (Brown & Pomerantz,
2011). In other words, cultural competence is not only a wise clinical
strategy; it is an essential component of the ethical practice of clinical
psychology that can lead to detrimental consequences for clients when violated
(Gallardo, Johnson, Parham, & Carter, 2009).

The American Psychological Association’s (2002) code of
ethics also recognizes that psychologists’ own personal problems can lessen
their competence: “When psychologists become aware of personal problems that
may interfere with their performing work-related duties adequately, they take
appropriate measures, such as obtaining professional consultation or
assistance, and determine whether they should limit, suspend, or terminate
their work-related duties” (Standard 2.06, p. 1064). Of course, personal
problems that impede psychologists’ performance can stem from any aspect of
their personal or professional lives (Barnett, 2008). On the professional side,
the phenomenon of burnout among clinical psychologists has been recognized in
recent decades (e.g., Grosch & Olsen, 1995; Morrissette, 2004). Burnout
refers to a state of exhaustion that relates to engaging continually in
emotionally demanding work that exceeds the normal stresses or psychological
“wear and tear” of the job (Pines & Aronson, 1988). Due to the nature of
the work they often perform, clinical psychologists can find themselves quite
vulnerable to burnout. In one study of more than 500 licensed psychologists
practicing therapy (Ackerley, Burnell, Holder, & Kurdek, 1988), more than
one third reported that they had experienced high levels of some aspects of
burnout, especially emotional exhaustion. In this study, the factors that
increased a psychologist’s susceptibility to burnout included feeling
overcommitted to clients, having a low sense of control over the therapy, and
earning a relatively low salary. A more recent study confirmed that over
involvement with clients correlates strongly with burnout, particularly in the
form of emotional exhaustion (Lee, Lim, Yang, & Lee, 2011).

Business Ethics Discussion Post Replies (5)

/in /by

You will see the original questions presented to the class underlined below. I need responses to the following students’ posts #1-4. The #5 post is the instructor’s reply to my post. Every response to #1-5 should be at least a paragraph or two. This is for Business Ethics 400 class so please read the attached links. You need to only reference the links provided at the bottom for your sources. Please don’t forget page numbers in your citations if applicable. It is for a forum setting so please do not use, …”This student’s post….”. Please write as if you are responding to the student. Also, please complete citations for each response separately in order for me to keep each one organized. Only use the attachments I provided for sources please.

THE FOLLOWING IS THE QUESTIONS THAT WERE ANSWERED BY THE STUDENTS. PLEASE DO NOT REPLY TO THEM JUST USE THEM FOR REFERENCE.

Learning Activity #1

Dewey’s Prescription for Success

Dewey Cheatham is the new Vice President of Marketing for a large online search engine company, Pottstown Innovative Enterprises (AKA, PIE). Dewey has been doing some research into how he can increase the Company’s revenues and thereby really impress the Company brass. During his research he came across an article about Brazilian pharmacies looking for an advertising vehicle to tap into the U.S. consumer market. Further research reveals that this could be a billion dollar venture and if PIE plays its cards right, it could make a substantial amount of money given its extensive advertising network. Dewey is super ecstatic about the possibilities and is salivating over what this could mean for his career with PIE.

Before Dewey decides to go ahead with this, he consults with his legal department. The legal department tells Dewey the following:

1. The shipment of prescription drugs from pharmacies outside the United States to customers in the United States may violate the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and in the case of controlled prescription drugs, the Controlled Substances Act.

2. The FDA cannot ensure the safety and effectiveness of foreign prescription drugs that are not FDA-approved.

3. Imported drugs typically do not meet FDA’s labeling requirements and may not have been manufactured, stored and distributed under proper conditions; and may not have been dispensed in accordance with a valid prescription.

4. The government has historically been very lax in enforcing the laws in this area and legally there are a few gray areas; therefore, the risk of any prosecution may not be significant.

After the consultation with Legal, Dewey is confused as to what his decision should be. If you were advising Dewey on the ethical implications presented by this case, what would you say to him? Specifically, identify and discuss: the ethical dilemma Dewey faces (be certain to provide Dewey with a resolution of his ethical dilemma) and the ethical issues associated with the ethical dilemma. Identify and discuss the relevant stakeholders for the Dewey and his company.

Learning Activity # 2

Whistle-blowing: Harder Than It Looks?

R.U. Kidding, the comptroller for Rocket Man Enterprises, a government defense contractor, has a delicate ethical issue on his hands. In the course of his employment, Kidding has uncovered evidence that seems to indicate that Rocket Man has been overbilling the government for a weapons system project. Under its contract with the government, Rocket Man was supposed to calculate its hourly rate with a formula dividing charges between the more expensive work done directly in their offices and the less costly hourly labor performed by subcontractors. What Rocket Man did was simple: they billed subcontractor work at the higher in-house rate.

R.U. Kidding, realizing that the weapons system project is the lifeblood of Rocket Man, is at a loss as to what he should do with the information he has uncovered. On the one hand he feels he has a duty to bring this wrongdoing to light. After all, he reasons, there is the greater public interest and common good to consider. On the other hand, the project is so critical to the financial future of the Company that the disclosure of wrongdoing could be devastating for the Company and its employees, many of whom are R.U.’s colleagues and friends. If you were in R.U.’s shoes, what would you do and why? What specifically are the ethical dilemma and the related ethical issue for R.U.?.

THE FOLLOWING #1-#4 ARE STUDENT RESPONSES YOU SHOULD RESPOND TO.

1

“Learning Activity #1

Dewey needs to consider the ethical implications that would bring the marketing of a company whose products are not approved by the FDA. Although the government does not typically enforce laws regarding the safety and effectiveness of foreign products, Dewey needs to keep in mind that these products do not guarantee to be effective or safe, and even if they claimed to be natural, does not necessarily mean that they are safe (Seres, 2017). In fact, over 23,000 people visit the emergency room every year for reasons that may have been caused by unregulated dietary supplements (Thielking, 2015). So, the ethical dilemma is whether he wants to bring the company large amounts of profit and beneficiate his career by providing the advertising for this pharmaceutical, or if he feels like he owes the duty to protect the American people from potential harm from these products, even when he knows that another marketing company might take the deal.

I personally do not believe that Dewey is in the wrong of advertising for this company as long as there is a warning on the marketing campaign stating that their products have not been evaluated and approved by the FDA.

Additionally, there are hundreds of supplements at GNC and Vitamin Shoppe that have a label that says that, and the Americans still go and purchase these products regardless of not knowing the risks. Everyone who consumes products like this has the responsibility to do their own research. At the end of the day, cigarette boxes have a very visible sign that says “SMOKING MAY CAUSE LUNG CANCER” and people still buy them regardless of the warnings.

Learning Activity # 2

If I was in R.U.’s shoes, I would bring up the issue to light because although this might cause a lot of good friends to lose their job, it will also cause them and the rest of the Americans to stop paying for taxes that are being stolen by this company.

It is understandable that RU may feel like he is betraying his employer and colleagues, at personal perception he might feel like he has a lot to lose by blowing the whistle (Matthewson, 2012), and this may create a personal conflict between himself, his organization, and his colleagues. However, R.U. should not feel responsible for the wrongdoings of his employer, and now that he knows this information, he could be the one that helps reveal one of the biggest cases of fraud against the government. He has a bigger responsibility to his government and the taxpayers.

References

Matthewson, K. (2012, January 22). What’s Ethical About Whistleblowing?(CSRwire, Producer) Retrieved from https://www.csrwire.com/blog/posts/280-what-s-ethi…

Seres, D. (2017, March 30). The Danger of Loosely Regulated Supplements. Retrieved from https://www.acsh.org/news/2017/03/30/danger-loosel…

Thielking, M. (2015, October 14). Unregulated Supplements Send Thousands to Hospital Each Year. Retrieved from Stat News: https://www.statnews.com/2015/10/14/unregulated-su…“

2

“Learning Activity #1:

The ethical Dilemma facing Dewey is whether to advertise a product of questionable legality in the United States or to pass up on this opportunity for himself and his company in favor of more legitimate sources of ad revenue. If he elects to advertise the pharmaceutical company, it would represent a significant revenue stream for the company, and would impress his management and be good for his career. I could not find any laws specifically outlawing online advertisement of illicit drugs, but there are laws preventing Television advertising of prescription drugs so PIE would need to stick to online advertising. (21 USC 353c: Prereview of television advertisements, n.d.) Since importing and selling the drug as an Online Distributer would be illegal if the company has not registered with the DEA and undergone FDA testing for the drug, there is a risk that the company they are advertising would be busted for illegal activity. (Yeh, 2012) There could also be risks to PIE’s reputation if this occurs and potential liability for false advertising if they misrepresent the legality of the drug they are advertising. The FTC has regulatory enforcement authority for advertising, and can file civil lawsuits on behalf of consumers if they believe that something has been misrepresented. There are also risks to Dewey personally if this does result in negative impact to PIE, it would likely damage his career. If Dewey elects to do nothing, he removes the risk from PIE, however misses out on a significant opportunity to make the company money and impress his bosses.


The stakeholders involved in this dilemma are: Dewey, his management, his customers, and the audience of the ads. If Dewey elects to advertise the Brazilian Pharmaceutical companies, it may have a positive effect for his career, but long-term risks if the government decides to go after the Pharmaceutical companies for illegal distribution. If Dewey elects to do nothing, it would have a neutral effect on his career and he would need to find a new big idea to impress his bosses. For his management, if Dewey elects to run the ads, they would have a significant revenue stream, but some risk to the company’s reputation if the drug companies are shut down. If Dewey elects to do nothing, there would be no effect on his management. Dewey’s customers, the Brazilian Pharmaceutical companies, would be happy to have found an online advertising company to advertise their products if he elects to run their products. They do run some risk of having their distribution channels shut down, but since they are outside the United States, they have little risk of prosecution. If Dewey elects to not accept them as clients, they will likely have to go elsewhere to find a company that will accept them as clients and run their ads. The last stakeholders are the consumers of the advertising. If Dewey elects to run ads for these drugs, they may have some confusion about the legality of the drug and if they order a controlled substance could be at risk for the DEA showing up and arresting them. (Yeh, 2012) There is also a risk to the consumer, because the FDA is not regulating the Brazilian Pharmaceutical companies to ensure that the drugs received are safe. On the other hand, if Dewey does not advertise the products and another ad company does, the consumer will likely find out about the drug via another channel or pay incredibly high prescription drug prices from an American company.

So, what should Dewey do? The company that would be liable for the illegal activity is the Brazilian Pharmaceutical company and the customer, PIE is simply pointing the customer towards the online pharmacy website that they can order prescription drugs from. Does PIE have an ethical obligation to not advertise a service that consumers want, but may not be legal? If the online pharmacy websites are shut down, PIE simply loses a customer and the impact to their reputation would be limited since most people do not choose which ads they receive. A utilitarian might argue that to advertise the products would create the greatest overall happiness to all the stakeholders, and the results outweigh the risks. Even a Kantian may argue that as an advertising company, you are not treating any stakeholder as a means to an end. In fact, you are giving the consumer an option that they do not otherwise have to receive a prescription drug, and giving them the freedom to choose to get it from an American Pharmacy at a higher price, or a Brazilian Pharmacy at a much cheaper price with some amount of risk. The choice seems clear. He should accept the Brazilian Pharmaceuticals as clients and keep his fingers crossed that it doesn’t come back to bite him.

Learning Activity #2:

The ethical dilemma that faces R.U. Kidding, is whether he should report his findings internally, report his findings externally, or to stay silent and do nothing with his findings. There are positive and negative implications for all three scenarios. The first step is to outline the facts associated with the situation.
Rocket Man Enterprises is currently over billing the government for contract labor. While this may not have been done purposefully, it created an ethical issue in that their customer paid more for a service than they were contractually obligated to pay. Since their customer is the government, these additional costs are ultimately paid for by the public through taxes and reduced capital for other projects that may benefit the public. However, Kidding must be careful because he also has his own company and employees’ well-being to think of. If there is significant backlash against what could be an honest mistake, it could result in significant impact to his company and lay-offs for his colleagues. As comptroller of Rocket Man Enterprises, it is his responsibility to ensure the accuracy of accounting and financial reporting, so it is within the scope of his job responsibilities to ensure any issues are resolved.


The first option R.U. Kidding has is to report his findings internally. Reporting the findings internally will allow the issue to be addressed, while allowing Rocket Man Enterprises to avoid any public pressure or negative damage to the company’s reputation. (The Business Ethics Workshop, 2012, p. 293) This will also allow Rocket Man Enterprises to reach out to the customer and offer to rectify the situation by some method, such as offering credits for future services for the difference in cost between in-house contractors and subcontractors. There may also be some negative ramifications choosing this option, such as lost revenue, missing financial projections, and disciplinary action for employees that made the mistake or knowingly allowed it to happen. It is also not certain whether the company would decide to take any action if this course were taken. This creates an ethical dilemma for the company, as now their management must decide what action to take.


The next option is to report the findings externally, or whistleblowing. In this scenario, If R.U. Kidding reports this externally there will likely be significant damage to the reputation of Rocket Man Enterprises. This may also damage the reputation of R.U. Kidding within the industry, and while it is illegal for a company to retaliate against an employee for whistle-blowing, they would likely damage their career both internally to Rocket Man Industries and externally if they are known for whistle-blowing. Kidding may also have a sense of loyalty to the company, and worry that this would damage their relationship with their friends and colleagues. (Matthewson, 2012) However, there is a significant incentive for Kidding to report this misdeed to the government. The federal False Claims Act entitles a whistle-blowing to 30% of any money that the government recovered. In a similar case, the whistle-blowing comptroller walked away with a 7-figure sum for reporting the company to the government. (The Business Ethics Workshop, 2012, pp. 294-295) There may also be ethical issues with this approach, as it can be unclear whether R.U. Kidding would be acting from an altruistic perspective, or an egoist perspective since there is a significant reward associated with the reporting.


The last option for R.U. Kidding is to simply do nothing. Ethically, to not do something is the same as lying since it is the comptroller’s responsibility to ensure the accuracy of the accounting. There is also the risk that this is uncovered by the government, in which case it could significantly damage the reputation of the company, breach of contract, and employee layoffs if the contract is termed. There is also the chance that this is not noticed due to the complexity of government billing and accounting, so no negative effects for anyone involved.


If I were in R.U. Kidding’s shoes and had to decide, I would elect to report the discrepancy internally as a first step. This would allow the company time to develop a plan to rectify the situation and perform damage control, prior to external entities from learning about it. I would ensure that I documented when, how, and to whom I reported the discrepancy to so in the event there was any retaliatory behavior I would have evidence of what was done. If the company decided to do nothing with the information, I would report the discrepancy to the government. By reporting the issue internally and the company deciding to do nothing with that information, I will have demonstrated that there was continual wrongdoing, and I have exhausted my channels for internal reporting, which are two of the five justifications for whistle-blowing. (The Business Ethics Workshop, 2012, pp. 296-297) Then, I’d sleep on my bed of money with a clear conscious that I’d done the ethical thing, and got a nice payday out of it because of the False Claims Act.

References:

21 USC 353c: Prereview of television advertisements. (n.d.). Retrieved June 12, 2019, from US Code House.gov: http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section353c&num=0&edition=prelim

Matthewson, K. (2012, January 22). What’s Ethical About Whistleblowing? Retrieved from CSRWire: https://www.csrwire.com/blog/posts/280-what-s-ethical-about-whistleblowing

The Business Ethics Workshop. (2012). Washington, DC: The Saylor Foundation.

Yeh, B. T. (2012, December 13). The Controlled Substances Act: Regulatory. Retrieved from Congressional Research Service: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34635.pdf“

3

“ Mr. Kidding’s ethical dilemma is choosing between notifying the appropriate authorities that Rocket Man is overbilling the US Government or keeping quiet so that he and his company can continue to prosper from the weapons system project.

If Mr. Kidding kept quiet the only stakeholders affected would be the US Government and by extension the US taxpayer who funds the government. The small amount that Rocket Man is overbilling is just a drop in the bucket containing the federal budget that numbers in the trillions of dollars. Mr. Kidding’s conscience could also be negatively impacted as he is now a knowing accomplice to a crime. In comparison to these factors the benefits to Mr. Kidding, his colleagues and company may generate more net happiness for the greater amount of people per utilitarian ethics (Green, 2016).

If, on the other hand Mr. Kidding reported the incident then his conscience would be clear but his company could face fines, negative publicity and possibly lose the lucrative government contract. Rocket Man and its employees including his friends and colleagues may view him as disloyal for inviting the consequences of his whistleblowing (Matthewson, 2012, para. 10). The cost to the US Government for the weapon system could increase due to delays and the necessity of rebidding the contract possibly to a company that would charge more for their services.

It is clear in this case that reporting the overbilling to the appropriate personnel is the only correct course of action for Mr. Kidding. Rocket Man’s actions are crimes committed against the US Government and subject to penalty under the law.

Green, H. (2016, November 21). Utiltarianism: Crash course philosophy #36. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ

Metthewson, K. (2012, January 22). What’s ethical about whistleblowing. Retrieved from https://www.csrwire.com/blog/posts/280-what-s-ethical-about-whistleblowing“

4

“In this case study the ethical dilemma that Mr. Cheatham faces is whether to import the prescription drugs from Brazil or not to. The stakeholders are Mr. Cheatham, his company PIE, the Brazilian pharmacy that he deals with and the patients in the US that would benefit from the prescription drugs.

If Mr. Cheatham imports the drugs from Brazil then he, PIE and the pharmacy in Brazil stand to benefit financially from a deal making these drugs available in the United States. The patients that use these drugs would benefit from better health. Doing so may expose Mr. Cheatham and his company to the risk of drawing the attention of the US Government for violating the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic act as well as the Controlled Substances Act. In the event any negative side effect from the drug on consumers due to the lack of testing by the US FDA or poor quality control or packaging by the Brazilian pharmacy PIE would also be liable for damages.

A loose comparison can be drawn between the effects of illegally importing prescription medication from other countries and taking unregulated supplements. The US FDA does not have oversight over the products from either of these events. Unregulated supplements have been attributed to 23,000 American’s requiring a visit to the emergency room every year (Thielking, 2015, par. 1). It can be argued that if proper FDA testing and approval were conducted on supplements then it would lead to a decrease in the number of ER visits due to elimination of the harmful supplements from the marketplace. If the FDA were to lessen its requirements for imported prescription drugs then it is possible that unregulated prescription drugs would have as much of an adverse effect on patients as currently supplements do.

Alternatively, if Mr. Cheatham decides not take the opportunity presented in the case study then he could suffer a career setback and his company would lose out on the potential for profit from these drugs. The patients that could benefit from this medication would not have a chance to improve their health due to the medication not being available. The patients that would have suffered negative side effects from the medications would still be sick but they may be in better health by not taking the drugs because there would be no chance for the side effects to manifest.

From a utilitarian standpoint the course of action that provides the most happiness to the most number ofstakeholders would be for Mr. Cheatham to import the drugs from Brazil (Green, 2016). He, his company and the patients the drugs would benefit incur the happiness of a larger group of people than those who would be harmed by the drugs side effects, inadequate testing or improper packaging.

In contrast when viewed using the ends principle proposed by Emmanuel Kant then Mr. Cheatham’s actions would be quite different. In this case study Mr. Cheatham is contemplating putting patient’s lives at risk with unapproved prescription medications for the benefit of himself and his company. This is treating the patients as the means to his success as well as PIE’s which is in violation of Kant’s ethical theory (Westcott, 2019, para. 19).

By comparing these two courses of action it should be clear that Mr. Cheatham should reject the opportunity to import the drugs from Brazil regardless of the impact it has on him and his company. Compliance with the regulations of the US Food and Drug administration will ensure that his actions do not pose a threat to the safety and wellbeing of American.s

Green, H. (2016, November 21). Utiltarianism: Crash course philosophy #36. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ

Thielking, M. (2015, October 14). Unregulated supplements send thousands to the hospital each year. Retrieved from https://www.statnews.com/2015/10/14/unregulated-supplements-send-thousands-to-hospital-each-year/

Westcott, E. (2019, January 24). Kantian ethics in a nutshell: The moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/kantian-ethics-moral-philosophy-immanuel-kant-4045398“

THE FOLLOWING IS THE #5 WHICH IS THE INSTRUCTOR’S COMMENTS. I WILL POST MY COMMENTS FIRST THEN HIS COMMENTS FOLLOWING THAT. REPLY TO HIS COMMENTS.

MY POST:

Learning Activity 1
Dewey has a great challenge of balancing his need of making a profit for his company and the avoidance of harming the public following the use of Brazilian drugs by the US. He should observe a positive impact on both sides. Also, the federal government of the United States has strict rules and regulations that manage foreign investment especially in such fields as medicine (“First-To-File Patent Law Is Imminent, But What Will It Mean?” 2013). Therefore, he needs to consider the regulations accruing from the government that may hinder the idea of engaging Brazilian investors from accessing the market in the United States of America. Following his consultation with the security team of Pottstown Innovative Enterprise, he gets to understand that winning chance in the country for a foreign medicine supply may be against provisions in its constitution. If he decides to get into a deal with the Brazilian firms, the drugs may not meet the demands of the US law. In it so happens, the company of Dewey will be missing in a very profiting deal. There various things that are difficult for Dewey to judge. Also, his company’s legal department, his company, the people to use the drugs, and the FDA Act have no ideas what would be the nature of drugs.

The legal department of the Pottstown Innovative Enterprise advises the Dewey that the drugs from the Brazilian pharmacist may violate the requirements of the US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The act states that all cosmetics, drugs, and foodstuffs meet the required quality, quantity, and should have an appropriate identity. Therefore, he is not sure if the prescriptions that be contained in the drugs will satisfy the FDA act. Following the need to protect the public and save time for Dewey in his situation of dilemma, I would advise him to leave the idea of getting into a deal with the Brazilian pharmacist because of various reasons. Firstly, the means used in the production, transportation, and storage of the drugs by the company may not be of good standards (Robert Pearl, 2017). Hence, they may lead to negative health effects to the public after missing them. Secondly, following the trend of the way the United States treats the patents interested in making it their business venture, it may take the Brazilian pharmacist ages before they get access to the US market leading to delays (Hadzima, 2005). Hence, Dewey should look for a different business that favors the welfare of the public and goes by the legal demands of its target location.

Learning Activity 2

When an individual is employed a certain firm or running a certain business, they are driven by two main goals. These are inclusive of satisfying the public or their clients, and ensuring their businesses makes the desired profits. Therefore, for firms or individuals who are ethically upright in their operations, they should be in a position attaining the two aspects. However, in their quest to achieve the two main aims, they should also ensure that they remain within the demands of the law (Matthewson, 2012). Rules are guiding the operations of various businesses. Violation of such rules leads a business into unethical practices. According to the case, R.U Kidding and his employer, Rocket Man Enterprises, the employer engaged itself with unethical operations by charging the government more than it was supposed to do. It made the government pay the subcontractor services following the bill of a high rate similar to the one charged at the services of their offices. By so doing, the company was practicing dishonesty in work, which a serious unethical practice (Lexie, 2018). Therefore, although the company carries out its activities as assigned by the government as well as serving its employees, it should also avoid exploiting the government by overcharging the service given by some of its employees.

Whistleblowing is an ethical practice. It helps to keep the public the public from the exploitation of some firms. It can also help one party from being exploited by the other when the two are engaged in business. However, whistleblowing can lead to various unappealing outcomes both to the whistleblower, their fellow employees, and the company, which is their employer (Phillips & Cohen, 2016). Following the case of R.U Kidding, he was ethically right to whistleblow about the exploitation that his employer, Rocket Man Enterprises, was doing to the government. However, following the impact that the revealed information would cause, he gets stuck into the ethical dilemma issues. He does feel to have exposed the malpractice of Rocket Man. However, in case the government gets the project off the company, its financial stability would greatly be affected, leading to unemployment of most of its workers, his friends inclusive. Putting myself in his position, I would work to ensure that the company operates ethically from the beginning of the project to the end. In case of any malpractice, I would speak it out for the welfare of the clients served.

First-To-File Patent Law Is Imminent, But What Will It Mean? (2013, February 16). Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/16/first-to-file-a-…

Hadzima, J., (2005). The Importance of Patents. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/e-club/hadzima/the-importance-o…

Lexie. (2018, December 13). 5 Famous American Whistleblowers Who Stood up for What Is Right. Retrieved from https://www.expressvpn.com/blog/5-american-famous-…

Matthewson, K., (2012). What’s Ethical About Whistleblowing? Retrieved from https://www.csrwire.com/blog/posts/280-what-s-ethi…

Phillips & Cohen. (2016, November 15). Top Whistleblower Cases – $12.3 Billion Recovered. Retrieved from https://www.phillipsandcohen.com/successful-cases/

Robert Pearl, M.D. (2017, January 19). Why Patent Protection In The Drug Industry Is Out Of Control. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2017/01/1…

INSTRUCTOR’S COMMENTS

“Would it affect your position in LA # 1 if PIE included a disclaimer in its ads that it does not vouch for the efficacy of the product and that consumers should consult their health professionals before using?

If Rocket Man acknowledged to Kidding that the over billing practice was wrong, and that it would stop immediately, but that because of financial hardship, they would not repay the money, would this be a satisfactory outcome for you?”

SOURCES TO BE USED FOR YOUR REFERENCES:

Theme 1: Pharmaceutical Industry

Theme 2: Products of Liability

Theme 3: Whistleblowing