Instructor question: You write that two of the most common religious elements were Quakers and Lutherans. In what colonies were these religious groups found, and why were these two groups in particular so common?

Author: Date: Wednesday, July 18, 2018 9:09:26 AM EDT Subject: RE: Week 3 Discussion

• Briefly describe three (3) characteristics for each of the English colonies located in the South, Middle, and New England regions.

South colonies:
Georgia; Georgia Colony was founded in 1732, and it was one of the warmest regions. The region was not handled by a specific religion. The colony had rich agricultural land.
South Carolina; South Carolina concentrated much on the export of tobacco, vegetables, livestock, fruits, grain cotton, and corn. The colony was also one of the warmest. The region manufactured iron ore as well.
Virginia; Virginia was warm in temperature, and that made it a suitable agricultural land because plants would grow throughout the year. The region was an exporter of agricultural products. No religious group dominated the colony.
Middle colonies:
Pennsylvania; The colony was a coastal plain with a mild climate and warm summers. The colony was not ruled by any religious group or religion. The residents were also fishermen.
New York; New York was an exporter of agricultural products. The region was also a manufacturer of iron ore. The colony had a mild climate.
Delaware; Delaware was founded in 1638. The region was divided into three different geographical areas. The colony exported agricultural products and manufactured iron products.
New England colonies:
Rhode Island; Shipbuilding, whaling, and fishing were economic activities in the colony. The land was not suitable for farming. The region exported agricultural products.
Connecticut; Natural resources were forests, fish, whales, and forests. The colony had no religion dominance. The residents depended on agriculture.
New Hampshire; The colony was rich in natural features like mountains, hills, and plateaus. The colony was a manufacturer of textile as well as agricultural land. The region had no religion dominance.

• Now state two (2) religious, business, agricultural, or political elements most likely to be found in South, Middle, and New England colonies that set them apart from each other.

The two (2) religious, business, agricultural, or political elements most likely to be found or Quakers, and Lutherans. South Carolina; concentrated much on the export of tobacco, vegetables, livestock, fruits, grain cotton, and corn. The colony was also one of the warmest, and the region manufactured iron. The New Hampshire; the colony was wealthy is natural features like mountains, hills, and plateaus. The colony was a manufacturer of textile as well as agricultural land. Also, the region had no religion dominance. Imagine you are a colonist; which region seems most appealing to create a new life in the New World.
Imagine you are a colonist, which region seems most appealing to create a new life in the New World.
The Southern region could be better for a colonist due to the availability of natural resources such as evergreen forests and lots of rivers. Presence of cash crops such as cotton and tobacco further increase the value of the Southern region from a colonist perspective because trade and industrialization could succeed in such areas. Moreover, labor from slave facilitated plantation farming which could boost business. The freedom to religion could benefit colonist that wished to spread religious belief to their workers.

Reference: www.history.com/topics/thirteen-colonies

In a 500 word essay, expand on the issues related to cybercrime. Do not make your submission largely a repeat of the information within the course readings.

Make appropriate use, in-text citation, and reference to available source information to support your perspective in APA 6th edition format and style throughout.

The exam may be accessed via COURSE TOOLS>Tests & Quizzes. Please download your submission as a Word.doc attachment.

The grading criteria is based on the below APUS rubric for written assignments.

Content (50%), i.e., essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing.

Use of Source Information (20%), i.e., credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA format and style is used accurately and consistently. Required number of references used in the development of the assignment.

Grammar (20%), i.e., writing is clear, concise, and pleasant to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free.

Structure (10%), i.e., a high-caliber, well-formatted submission that conforms to the specified word count.

Readings

Beittel, J. (2009). Mexico’s drug-related violence. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40582.pdf

Finklea, K. (2013). Southwest border violence: Issues in identifying and measuring spillover violence. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R41075.pdf

Mole, C. (2012). Three Philosophical Lessons for the Analysis of Criminal and Military Intelligence. Intelligence & National Security, 27(4), 441-458. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tsh&AN=78141019&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Strickland, F. (2012). The next four years: Intelligence community reform – refining not rebooting. Retrieved from http://businessofgovernment.org/blog/business-government/next-four-years-intelligence-community-reform-refining-not-rebooting.

Successful completion of a doctoral dissertation requires significant amounts of independent reading on the research topic. This allows the doctoral learner/researcher to become familiar with the scope of the topic and to identify gaps or tensions within the existing literature on the topic. These gaps and tensions become the source of the dissertation research. In this assignment, you will read and annotate potential sources in your dissertation field of interest. Those demonstrating the most merit to the best of your understanding of the topic at this time should be added to your RefWorks (or similar reference collection tool) list for potential inclusion in the literature review section of your dissertation.

General Requirements:

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

1. Locate the assignment submission for “Literature Review Resources” from your previous course. You will be adding to this document to begin building a running literature review.
2. It is recommended that you engage in this activity throughout the duration of this course.
3. Instructors will be scoring your submission based on the number of unique sources identified in the list submitted.
4. Download the resource Literature Review Resources Tool and use it to complete the assignment.
5. Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
6. Refer to the resource, “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.

Directions:

Read at least 10 empirical articles in your general dissertation field that you have not read previously.

In the “Literature Review Resources” document that you submitted in the previous course, provide the following for each source that you are adding to the document:

1. The APA-formatted citation.
2. A brief annotation of the key points of the source.
3. An indication of whether the source has been added to (Y) or excluded from (N) your RefWorks (or similar reference collection tool) list.

Highlight the additions to the document so your instructor can readily identify them.

Please complete this assignment. It should be 5 paragraphs long and cite as many of the documents as possible.

PLEASE DO NOT USE ANY OUTSIDE SOURCES. Only use the source provided in the second link. Use parenthetical citations to cite. Example: “Women had equal treatment in Ottoman society. (Doc 2).”

Follow the rubric at the bottom of the of the assignment paper.

The prompt is: “Evaluate the extent of women’s roles in Ottoman Society”

This essay is based on the reading that I have provided in the third link.

Please include an intro paragraph, three body paragraphs that answer the prompt, and a concluding paragraph.

Please contact me for questions.

DO NOT ACCEPT JOB IF YOU DO NOT KNOW WHAT A DBQ ESSAY IS!

Hello,

I need four responses of at least 175 words each for the below students discussions for this week. Also in the bold below are the questions the students at answering.

What is hypothesis testing? Explain the general process and the steps included in conducting a hypothesis test? What is the difference between parametric and nonparametric hypothesis testing?

Student one:

Hypothesis testing is common in math and science, but it is also a useful tool for business mangers, ‘good hypotheses lead decision-makers to new and better ways to achieve business goals.’ (Ogunjimi) Hypothesis testing is a statistical test used to determine whether the hypothesis assumed for the sample of data stands true for the entire population or not. (Hypothesis testing) From our text, we know that the data sets are called the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis describes an existing theory or a belief. The alternative hypothesis is based on new information provided by sample data. (Evans, 2013)

According to our text, there are five steps in a hypothesis test:

1. Formulating the hypothesis to test. This step is where data sets, the Null and the Alternate Hypothesis are defined.
2. Selecting a level of significance, which identifies the risk of drawing an incorrect conclusion about the assumed hypothesis that is actually true. Hypothesis testing can result in four possible outcomes. This step demonstrates the risk that the business is willing to take in making an incorrect conclusion.
3. Determining a decision rule on which to base a conclusion. This step involves choosing which Test Statistic to use, examples include the one-tailed or two-tailed tests.
4. Collecting data and calculating a test statistic; formulating the Decision Rule
5. Applying the decision rule to the test statistic and drawing a conclusion. Make the decision to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

Basically, the manager needs to decide what they’re trying to confirm. Next, they determine the level of risk that is acceptable, should they make a mistake. The third step is deciding how they will make their decision, ie. provide justification. They will then collect the data and apply the selected test to justify their decision. It is a formal process that helps guide managers in testing their ideas, providing risk awareness, and support for their decision.

The parametric test is the statistical test, in which specific assumptions are made about the population parameter. The nonparametric test is defined as the hypothesis test which is not based on underlying assumptions. There are many differences between these two tests, but I think the main difference between them is that the information about the population for the parametric test is completely known, for the nonparametric test, it is unavailable. (Updated, 2017)

I agree that hypotheses testing can be very useful in business. It seems to me they have made the process very scientific, which makes it easy to explain how the manager came to the conclusion, and shows whether it is or isn’t within the identified risk level. However, I don’t think the process guarantees the best conclusion.

Thank you,

References

Evans, J. R. (2013). Statistics, Data Analysis, and Decision Making. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

Frost, J. (n.d.). Nonparametic Tests vs. Parametric tests. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from Statistics by Jim: https://statisticsbyjim.com/hypothesis-testing/non…

Hypothesis testing. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2020, from Business Jargons: https://businessjargons.com/hypothesis-testing.htm…

Ogunjimi, A. (n.d.). Small Business Chronicle. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from How Is a Hypothesis Important in Business?: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/hypothesis-importa…

Updated, S. S. (2017, September 1). Retrieved January 21, 2020, from Key Differences: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-para…

Student two:

In chapter five I learned that hypothesis testing is a way of collecting data that involves two unidentical things. Evans’s defined hypothesis testing as a process that “involves drawing inferences about two contrasting propositions (hypotheses) relating to the value of a population parameter, such as a mean, proportion, standard deviation, or variance.

Using the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis a conclusion can be made as to whether or not a hypostasis is likely.

The basic process and the steps included in conducting a hypothesis test is to identify the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. Once those items are identified the size of the testing population needs to be determined. The statistical and probability values are then calculated to determining a decision rule-, and lastly applying the decision rule to the test statistic by coming to a conclusion based on the data collected.

Parametric testing is an option that is best used when the population parameter is determined or known. This means that the testing condition must be validated.

nonparametric hypothesis testing is the opposite, the population parameter is not known. nonparametric hypothesis testing is broader and can apply to more situations.

“The assumptions for the nonparametric test are weaker than those for the parametric test, and it has been stated that when the assumptions are not met, it is better to use the nonparametric test (Kitchen, Christina M.R.,).

Evans, J. R. (2013). Statistics, Data Analysis, and Decision Modeling (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Nonparametric vs Parametric Tests of Location in Biomedical Research Kitchen, Christina M.R.American Journal of Ophthalmology, Volume 147, Issue 4, 571 – 572

Student three:

Hypothesis testing is basically drawing a conclusion about a population. One is a proposition that describes an already existing position while the other is new information that is gathered from the sample data. The sample data is then used to determine whether or not to reject the null hypothesis, which would mean that the sample data provided enough information to support the alternative hypothesis, or reject the null hypothesis, which means that the sample evidence did not support the null hypothesis (Evans, 2013).

The first step in hypothesis testing is formulating the hypotheses to test. Hypothesis formulation begins by “defining two alternative, mutually exclusive propositions about one or more population parameters” (Evans, 2013, p. 156). The next step would be to figure out the significance level of the test. The level of significance is the risk that can be afforded if an error is made. The levels that are commonly used are .10, .05, and .01 which coincides with the confidence levels of .90, .95 and .99 respectively. Once the significance level is decided on the decision rule is determined. The decision rule is a statement which defines the conditions which determines if the null hypothesis is rejected or not. Lastly, a decision has to be made based upon the hypothesis test whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

Nonparametric and parametric tests have their advantages and its differences. “The nonparametric tests do not require that your data follow the normal distribution” (Frost, n.d.). Nonparametric tests are advisably used in instances if the data is not distributed normally. Nonparametric tests would include: 1-sample Sign, 1-sample Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney test, Kruska-Wallis, Mood’s median test and Friedman test. Parametrics tests would include: 1-sample t-test, 2-sample t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and Factorial DOE with a factor and a blocking variable. The Parametric tests and Nonparametric tests are linked pairs of statistical hypothesis tests. The advantage of using parametric test is the fact that it can provide very trustworthy results even when the data is skew or abnormal, as long as the sample size meets the requirements for the specific test (Frost, n.d.). Parametric tests also have greater statistical power. Meaning, it can detect an effect if it exists. Nonparametric tests assess the median instead of the mean. The mean is not always the better way of determining the central tendency for a sample (Frost, n.d.). Nonparametric test can be used when the sample size is small or isn’t enough to satisfy the sample requirements for the parametric tests.

Evans, J. R. (2013). Statistics, data analysis and decision modeling (5th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Pearson Education

Frost, J. (n.d.). Nonparametric tests vs. parametric tests. Retrieved https://statisticsbyjim.com/hypothesis-testing/nonparametric-parametric-tests/

Student four:

“Hypothesis testing in statistics is a way for you to test the results of a survey or experiment to see if you have meaningful results.” (Statistics How To, 2020) Basically, the test is formed around the survey results. First you must know what a hypothesis is. It is an educated guess. It should be testable by experiment or observation. There are the basic steps to follow when performing hypothesis testing:

1. Figure out your null hypothesis (Null hypothesis is what is accepted as being true.)
2. State your null hypothesis
3. Choose what kind of test you need to perform
4. Either support or reject the null hypothesis

(Statistics How To, 2020)

Parametric hypothesis tests assume underlying statistical distribution in the data. “Parametric test is more able to lead to a rejection of H0. Most of the time, the p-value associated to a parametric test will be lower than the p-value associated to a nonparametric equivalent that is run on the same data.” (XLSTAT, 2019)

Nonparametric hypothesis tests do no rely on any distribution. This type of test is more “robust”, meaning they are “valid in a broader range of situations.” (XLSTAT, 2019)

References

Statistics How To. (2020). Hypothesis Testing. Retrieved from https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/

XLSTAT. (2019). What is the difference between a parametric and a nonparametric test? Retrieved from https://help.xlstat.com/s/article/what-is-the-difference-between-a-parametric-and-a-nonparametric-test?language=en_US