Mary Jane went shopping on Tuesday night with her brother and sister from 7 to 9 p.m. She happened to be shopping in the same shopping center that had a burglary at 8 p.m. Tuesday night. The next day, while sitting in class, juvenile officers came and detained her for the burglary. They took her to a juvenile detention center and screened her for any prior illegal activity. Mary Jane had never been in trouble previously, so they let her go home with her parents with a notation of the time to come to juvenile court. Mary Jane insists that she had no part in the burglary.

Assignment #1: Research Article Analysis

1. Begin by reading the AJOT article, “How to read a research paper” (Cohen, 1988). The article is attached.

Cohen, H. (1988). How to read a research paper. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49, 44-52.

1. Choose a peer-reviewed journal article that presents research on an aspect of Life Balance.

Examine all sections of the article as explained by Cohen (1988).

1. Adhering to APA Style, write a scholarly paper five pages in length, in which you explain the following:

Section I: Overview

• Briefly identify the source from which the investigator(s) obtained the research question.
• Does the study fit the four characteristics of research as being logical, confirmable, understandable and useful? Explain your rationale for each of the four characteristics.
• Identify a theory that is presented in the article, and indicate all the parts of that theory.
• What is the level of abstraction that is presented in the literature review or developed in the article? (Levels from lowest to highest: 1. Concepts; 2. Constructs; 3. Relationships; 4. Propositions.) How did you come to this conclusion?

Section II: Methodology and Results

• Search the research article for the important constructs that have been subjected to measurement. Indicate their definitions, and determine how the authors have operationalized them. Explain this in a few sentences.
• Did the described study consist of experimental research, naturalistic inquiry, or mixed-methods? How do you know this?
• Summarize the methods that were used to conduct the research.
• Summarize the research findings.
• What were the study limitations and how do they affect the relevance of the findings?

Section III: Applications and Implications

• How can the results of this study be utilized to inform the practice of occupational therapy?

Include an introductory paragraph and a concluding paragraph. Use headings to organize your information. Create headings from the instructor’s questions, in the same order.

Not counting the cover page or the references page, this paper should be 5 pages in length, double spaced in size 12 font, with one-inch margins.

My experiment is on the topic “Is social media associated with mood?” My hypothesis: It is predicted that people who access social media on a daily basis will experience a more negative impact on their mood than those who don’t. I have attached a document with the survey results. This survey is one I made myself and sent out to UCF students to answer to help with this experiment. Over the course of the semester we will be writing an APA format
paper based on the experiment you have chosen with your group, the data
you have collected as a group, and the results you analyze as an
individual. I am breaking the process down for you to make it easier
for you.

For an overall APA format paper check out my crib sheet: APA format overview! This hits all the high points.

In many of the social sciences, you will be asked to design and
conduct your own experimental research. If so, you will need to write up
your paper using a structure that is more complex than that used for
just a literature review. You can find a complete resource devoted to
writing an experimental report in the field of psychology here Links to an external site.

This structure follows the scientific method, but it also makes your
paper easier to follow by providing those familiar cues that help your
reader efficiently scan your information for:

• Why the topic is important (covered in your introduction)
• What the problem is (also covered in your introduction)
• What you did to try to solve the problem (covered in your methods section)
• What you found (covered in your results section)
• What you think your findings mean (covered in your discussion section)

Paper Prep Step 3: Rough Draft Method Section

Method Section Rough Draft – By this point, you must have completed the experiment you are doing your report on.

Learning Objective:

• Students will become familiar with thinking like a researcher in
  psychology. Reading and critically considering peer-reviewed empirical
  research in psychology and proposing the steps that go into designing a
  comprehensive research experiment will accomplish this.
• Students will identify the steps that research takes including finding participants, determining variables.
• Students will critically review, examine, and consider the use of
  different methods for gathering and analyzing data related to the
  research problem.
• Students can develop scientific writing skills.
• Students can explore creativity in research design.

Audience: Write to a novice, uninformed audience in a
professional tone. So think of a classmate in a different course,
someone who may not know the area you are investigating or the lingo we
use in Psychology. It is OK to write in the first person if you are
providing an opinion or analysis of a topic but avoid slang and
text-lingo (e.g., LOL, OMG, etc.).

Assignment:

For this step you will submit a rough draft of your methods.

• You MUST make sure that your method actually answers your
  hypothesis. Meaning if you are doing appearance and self-esteem, your
  method should involve a measure of appearance and a measure of
  self-esteem.
• You MUST use sub-headers for organization. Word has an APA template that makes this very easy.
• You MUST provide examples of the measures used. e.g., We used the
  Rosenberg Self-Esteem measure (year) which includes items such as
  “Sometimes I feel worthless”.
• Maximum length of the Method section: 2 double-spaced pages
• In the methods section, discuss participants, materials, and procedure, in that order. Think
  of it as a recipe. I want to make a “cake” like you made. So I take 300
  freshman in intro to psychology, administer surveys A, B & C, I
  code an analyze and bam – I get (hopefully) the same “cake”. The method
  section should have the same level of specificity as a recipe. And
  hopefully if I follow it exactly and get the same results
  (replicability).

Make sure you include enough information for your reader to precisely replicate your study. See the Academic Literacy: Writing an APA Format Paper module for tips on searching for relevant literature.

Other Pointers:

• Begin the Method section immediately after the Introduction (no page break)
• Unlike in other sections of the manuscript, use of the passive voice is common in the Method section
• The main heading Method should be centered on a line to denote the beginning of this section
• Use subheadings for Participants, Materials, and Procedure (Apparatus and Design are optional) to organize this section
• Subheadings appear in italics and are flush-left

Participants

• This subsection should describe relevant characteristics about the participants used
• Typically, these characteristics include how many participants were
  used, the participants’ approximate ages (you can give a range), the
  gender of the participants, the race/ethnicity of the participants and
  the place from which the participants were obtained
• You should also mention how the participants were recruited and if they received any compensation (e.g., money) for their participation
• Depending on the nature of your study, it might be appropriate to
  state explicitly in this subsection that all participants provided their
  informed consent and were treated in accordance with the “Ethical
  Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” of the American
  Psychological Association.

Materials

• This subsection should briefly describe the materials (e.g., questionnaires, the videotapes, the photographs, etc.) used in your study
• Only describe the items that are necessary to replicate your study or understand what happened in your study
• If you used complex visual stimuli in your study, provide a full
  description of the stimuli along with an appropriate figure to
  illustrate them
• If you are writing a paper for a class, include copies of all of your materials in an appendix at the end of your paper
• Note that procedural details should not be discussed in this subsection.

Apparatus

• If you used special equipment (e.g., computers, television monitors, video cassette recorders), you should use a separate apparatus subsection
• Again, only describe the items that are necessary to replicate your study or understand what happened in your study
• Note that procedural details should not be discussed in this subsection either

Design

• This subsection should describe your experimental design
• You should note whether you used a between-subjects (i.e., independent groups) design or a within-subjects (i.e., repeated measures design)
• Also, both the independent and dependent variables should be
  identified by name, and if there are multiple levels of the independent
  variable, you should describe them
• When identifying your variables, do not simply refer to your theoretical constructs (e.g., “the dependent variable was verbal intelligence”)
• Instead, specify how your variables were operationalized (e.g.,
  “the dependent variable was verbal intelligence, which was defined as
  the Verbal IQ score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised
  (WAIS-R)”)

Procedure

• This subsection should describe exactly how your experiment was conducted
• Should use the past tense to describe the procedure
• Avoid describing unnecessary and trivial details
• A good general guideline is that your description should allow another researcher to replicate your study

Sometimes materials and procedure are
grouped together – that is fine – it depends on how detailed the
materials and procedure are.

For now use participants, design, materials and procedure as your subheaders.

You will upload your rough draft for us so that we can provide feedback.

http://www.wbcpsy.com/APAguide.pdf
Links to an external site.

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20100217020347_922.pdfLinks to an external site.

Both sites have detailed examples for you to follow

Please read the module on academic writing and research as well as the examples I have provided!

What is APA Style?

APA Style establishes standards of written communication concerning:

• the organization of content
• writing style
• citing references
• and how to prepare a manuscript for publication in certain disciplines.

Why Use APA?

Aside from simplifying the work of editors by having everyone use the
same format for a given publication, using APA Style makes it easier
for readers to understand a text by providing a familiar structure they
can follow. Abiding by APA’s standards as a writer will allow you to:

• Provide readers with cues they can use to follow your ideas more efficiently and to locate information of interest to them
• Allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar formatting
• Establish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an
  awareness of your audience and their needs as fellow researchers

APA Formatting and Writing Style

You should start by becoming familiar with the general formatting
requirements of APA Style, as well as the different standards for
writing that are expected among APA writers. Because APA is different
than other writing styles, you should pay attention to everything from
general paper layout to word choice. The following pages will introduce
you to some of these basic requirements of APA Style to get you started
in the right direction.

General APA Format Links to an external site.

• Covers the basic page layout for a typical APA manuscript, including
  everything from margin widths to the use of headings and visuals
• Includes a general list of the basic components of an APA paper: title page, abstract, and reference page
• Also includes a PowerPoint slide presentation Links to an external site.with detailed information about the APA citation style

Types of APA PapersLinks to an external site.

• Describes the two most common types of APA papers: the literature review and the experimental report
• Outlines what sections must be included in each type of paper, from introductions to a methods section

Plagiarism

Any direct quotation MUST be placed within quotes and cited. Citing alone does not make it not plagiarized!

It is a violation of the honor code to plagiarize. So let’s use an example:

Let’s say that I have read something by an author named Bob Bobson & Fred Fredrickson (2007).
If I was paraphrasing I could write:

Bobson & Fredrickson (2007),
argue that leaves are predominantly green in the summer. So here I am
paraphrasing what the authors have said in their communication
(presumable publication – but not necessarily so).
OR
Researchers
argue that in the summer most leaves are typically green in the northern
hemisphere (Bobson & Fredrickson, 2007). Once again, here I am
paraphrasing what the authors have said in their communication

Now if I use a direct quotation:
Bobson
& Fredrickson (2007), argue that leaves are predominantly green in
the summer, “often we see that statistically, leaves are typically green
in most of the United States in the summer time.”
Or
Researchers
suggest that “statistically, leaves are typically green in most of the
United States in the summer months” (Bobson & Fredrickson, 2007).

Citing merely tells the
reader where the information is coming from – using direct quotations “”
tells the reader it is a direct quote from someone else. Why is
this important? Well chiefly, it’s not your words or work. Secondly, if
you have the reader feels the information is wrong they can seek out the
original source to verify that information a) wasn’t taken out of
context or b) is indeed wrong.

Please check out the Module: Academic Literacy: Writing an APA Format Paper
and read through some of the files like “Plagiarism Tutorial (from UNC
Chapel Hill)”. This is an issue many students have but I would hate for
it to become an honor code issue 🙂

Remember, you are typically better off loosing points for having nothing in your own words that plagiarizing someone else.

Course policy is that any plagiarism results in an automatic 0 on the
assignment. University policy is that this is a violation of the
university honor code and as such must be reported!!!

So please do NOT plagiarize!

See the module on academic writing and research for several files on plagiarism. Plagiarism & Citing amongst them.

Choose already existing health care policy which you would like to see implemented or changed. Imagine that you have been given an opportunity to meet with a legislator to obtain support for your position or to influence his or her own policy decisions.

Read the Writing Policy Position Papers document from The Business Advocacy Fund.

Create a 1,400- to 2,100-word policy position paper to support your position on your chosen health care policy. Be sure to keep the following in mind:

• You are trying to convince them of the validity and necessity of your policy proposal.
• You are showing the legislator your understanding of the policy development and implementation process and you understand the role that he or she plays throughout
• When you are providing your legislator with your information, be aware of the impact that special interest groups and other politics will have on the legislator’s decision. These factors will certainly impact the way that your proposal is received by the legislator.
• Consider the relationship of government to the creation of policy and describe how your legislator’s support will assist the creation of the policy for which you are lobbying.

In your policy position, you must address each of the following bullets. It is vital that you address them in relation to your chosen health care policy. For example, where is your policy at within the health policymaking process? What has been done and what still needs to be done? And what information is needed for the development of your policy? How does this differ from other policies being developed? Keep in mind those are only examples of how you may address the required bullets below in your policy position.

• Analyze the health policymaking process.
  • Consider the following:
    • How the policymaking process will impact the ability of your topic to become a successful policy
    • Which stage of the policy process will be the most difficult for your policy to pass, and why.
• Differentiate information needed for the development of health policy.
  • Consider the following:
    • What data and research indicate a need for the proposed policy.
    • What information you will present to the legislator and why this information will be selected.
• Differentiate key stakeholders and interest groups involved in health policymaking.
  • Consider the following:
    • Who the key stakeholders are and why they are important to your policy proposal.
    • What special interest group would support your policy and why you chose the group.
• Analyze the drivers of health policy formulation.
  • Consider the following:
    • What factors will drive the formulation of the policy and why these policies elevate the issue from a topic to an agenda item.
• Analyze the roles of legislative committees.
  • Consider the following:
    • What legislative committee(s) would be involved in reviewing your policy, their role, and how the structure of those committees might impact the success of your policy in the legislative stage.
• Analyze local, state, and federal roles in the development of health policy.
  • Consider the following:
    • How any prior policy attempts related to your policy, either at local, state, or federal levels, have impacted the development of your selected policy.
• Evaluate the impact of individuals and groups on the development of health policy.
  • Consider the following:
    • How either individual stakeholders or stakeholder interest groups have previously attempted to develop other policies like yours, and the impact of those efforts on the development of your policy.
• Evaluate the impact of advocacy methods on the development of health policy.
  • Consider the following:
    • The impact of prior advocacy methods with regards to your policy and why you feel these efforts have been either successful or unsuccessful.
• Contrast local, state, and federal policy implementation processes.
  • Consider the following:
    • Which level of government–federal, local, or state–would be primarily responsible for implementing your policy, and how the role of that level of government and differs from the roles of the other levels of government.
• Analyze the differing roles of public and private regulatory agencies as they relate to the implementation of health policy.
  • Consider the following:
    • Which public and/or private regulatory agency (or agencies) is responsible for implementing your policy and how that agency’s role would impact the implementation of your policy.
• Analyze the effect of current health policy on the health care environment.
  • Consider the following:
    • How the policy would impact the healthcare environment
    • What resources healthcare organizations would need devote to implementing the policy
    • How the proposed policy will impact the cost of delivering care (both short and long term)
    • How implementing the policy will impact the quality of patient care
    • What important tradeoffs might occur if the policy is implemented

Use appropriate references so your legislator may understand why he or she should support or adopt your position.

You are encouraged to include tables, graphics, and visuals where appropriate.

Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

Research and discuss the basic theories of motivation as well as a description of what they are.

The requirements below must be met for your paper to be accepted and graded:

• Write between 500 – 750 words (approximately 2 – 3 pages) using Microsoft Word.
• Attempt APA style, see example below.
• Use font size 12 and 1” margins.
• Include cover page and reference page.
• At least 60% of your paper must be original content/writing.
• No more than 40% of your content/information may come from references.
• Use at least two references from outside the course material, preferably from EBSCOhost. Text book, lectures, and other materials in the course may be used, but are not counted toward the two reference requirement.

Reference material (data, dates, graphs, quotes, paraphrased words, values, etc.) must be identified in the paper and listed on a reference page.Reference material (data, dates, graphs, quotes, paraphrased words, values, etc.) must come from sources such as, scholarly journals found in EBSCOhost, online newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal, government websites, etc. Sources such as Wikis, Yahoo Answers, eHow, etc. are not acceptable.

——————————————————————the information below are the theories that are being discussed in this week’s lesson—————–

Motivational Theories

During this lecture, we will be describing the various motivational theories and advantages and disadvantages of them.

Smart managers understand that a key factor for a successful business is the manager’s ability to motivate his/her employees. They also understand that what motivates one person might not motivate another, so it can be challenging for them to identify what motivates each person so they can use the best motivational technique.

There are numerous theories as to what motivates employees, so below we will identify and briefly describe five of them.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow created a Hierarchy of Needs model in the mid-1940s to gain a better understanding of human motivation, management training, and personal development. He believed that it was the responsibility of the organization to provide employees an environment that encourages employees to reach their potential. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a five stage model which assumes that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself. He believed that it was only when the lower level needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied will we be concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development. We will briefly identify and discuss each of the five needs below from lowest to highest.

• Biological and Physiological needs – these are necessities to our survival such as air, food, water, and shelter
• Safety needs – these needs include security, stability, and freedom from fear
• Belongingness and Love needs – these needs include relationships with family, friends, and affection
• Esteem needs – these needs include a sense of achievement, respect and recognition
• Self-Actualization needs – these needs include self-fulfillment, realizing personal potential and seeking personal growth

Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

Robert House created the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership in the early 1970s and asserted that leaders should encourage and support their employees in reaching the organization’s goals. They do this by clearing the path the employees need to take by removing any roadblocks that might hinder them as well as increasing the rewards along the way. House developed four styles of leadership which we will briefly identify and discuss below.

• Supportive leadership – manager care about the needs of their employees by showing concern for their well-being and encourage a friendly working environment.
• Directive leadership – manager tell employees what needs to be accomplished by giving them specific tasks to be completed by specific times.
• Participative leadership – manager consults with their employees and takes their opinions into consideration when making decisions.
• Achievement-oriented leadership – manager sets challenging goals for their employees, has high standards and expectations but shows faith in the abilities of their employees to be successful.

McClelland’s Human Motivation Theory

• David McClelland identified 3 motivating factors that everyone has which are achievement, affiliation, and power. According to McClelland, once a manager understands which motivators are important to each team member, they can adapt their leadership style assign projects based on each member’s motivators. With this information, a smart manager can use it to help their advantage to help their employees stay motivated, feel valued, and appreciated for the work they are doing.

Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory

• Dr. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard came up with the theory that successful leaders should be flexible and adapt their leadership styles based on their employee’s maturity level of employees and the specific tasks that need to be accomplished as opposed to using just one style. By remaining flexible and mastering this theory, managers are able to place the appropriate amount of emphasis on the task, as well as the appropriate amount of emphasis on the relationships with their employees based on what is needed at that time.

Carrot and Stick Motivation Theory

• Jeremy Bentham came up with this traditional motivational theory where he categorizes motivation into two basic parts, incentives and fear. He theorized that some employees are motivated by incentives such as salary raises, promotions or the need for recognition. He also theorized that other employees are motivated by fear such as the fear of being fired, being criticized by a manager or failing to complete a