Philosopher and thinkers in the past centuries have put forward different ideologies of what constitutes an ideal society or political system. Critics of utopianism view the concept as one which has lost grip of reality; however, the world has witnessed the successful application of some utopian ideas such as capitalism and communism. A scholar with interesting utopian ideas is Karl Marx, the originator of the Marxism, an anti-capitalism theory popular in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. Karl Marx grew up hating the political system in his country for denying equal opportunity to the citizens and sought to formulate alternative systems nations that could apply to ensure a fair opportunity for all. “Marxist theory holds that the main feature of the modern industrial era is the emergence of two antagonistic classes—wealthy capitalists, who own the means of production, and impoverished workers, the proletariat, who are paid subsistence wages”.(Magstadt, 2017, p34).

Marx argues that all conflicts stem from the ownership of the means of production in a society. Every other person is fighting to take control of these factors to benefit themselves over the others. Therefore, in his opinion, if the means of production are publicly owned, the conflict would be resolved, and there would be no need for the government (Geoghegan, 2008). The Marxist theory was born from the unfavorable social conditions he lived in during the industrial revolution when capitalism was beginning. The technological advancement created a class divide into; the bourgeoisie (owners of factors of production usually wealthy) and the proletariat (the workers usually peasant). Marx saw it ideal to introduce communal ownership of the means of production to create an economic utopia in the market.
Marx viewed freedom of humankind to have a direct relationship with the conflict of classes. He traced the history of humanity through the way economy operated to establish the role of classes in the economy. By so doing, Marx established that if humankind was given denied freedom and all control put in the hands of the upper class (monarch, governments and the wealthy). The most influential people in the society then would run the economy on their terms (capitalism) and consequently oppress the poor (Geoghegan, 2008). From this argument, Marx concluded that an ideal society ought to allow ultimate freedom of humankind to avoid strife of existence and essence (freedom and necessity) as depicted in communism.
Again, Marx illustrates a political utopia by depicting that; when people( the poor) become aware of their loss, alienation and non-human situations, they pursue a radical transformation through revolution based on communist principles. Marx argues that a reign of liberty (communism) will be established to replace the old capitalism (bourgeoisie society) with its undesirable characteristics of class and class antagonism. The nation will then witness free and fair development of every citizen.
While these arguments could be true, they have not passed the practicability test as communism government has experience failure in the past. Today’s socialist societies reject the orthodox Marxist concept of revolution replacing it with gradualism/ reform (Marx Is Dead; Marxism—Not so Much). Democratic socialism that embraces collectivism but also appreciates democratic means. Democratic socialism agrees that economic equality alone cannot achieve social justice (social utopia). They favor expanded roles of governments, regulated economies and nationalizing some parts of the economy like transport, energy, and communication to achieve social and economic prosperity.

References

Magstadt, T. (2017). Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 12th Edition. [VitalSource]. Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/undefined/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Geoghegan, V. (2008). Utopianism and Marxism. (Vol. 4). (P. Lang, Ed.)
Marx Is Dead; Marxism—Not so Much. (n.d.).

Let’s take this conversation into 2019—are there specific policy proposals out there currently that would level the playing field for working class Americans? Do you think they would be helpful or harmful overall? Why?

Reference

Steege, M. W., & Watson, T. S. (2009) Conducting school-based functional behavioral assessments, 2nd Edition. New York: The Guilford Press.

After you have completed the assigned reading for Unit 9, post your initial response to the following Discussion topic. Your primary post should be no less than 350 words in length. Your primary post must be specific, concise, and substantive. After you have submitted your primary post, review the primary posts of your classmates and respond specifically and substantially (no less than 100 words) to at least two other students.

Topic 1: FBA Summary

Choose one (1) specific component necessary to be included in a FBA summary such as the Behavior Analytic Problem Solving (BAPS) model and discuss why its inclusion is relevant to the development of the FBA Report. Be sure to identify the specific section of the FBA Report that is impacted by this component and how it will eventually be related to the development of a behavior plan.

Legal Field: Civil Litigation

Focus Area: Litigation Holds

Case: Stinson v. City of New York, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 868 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 2, 2016).

FACTS:

Stinson involved a request for sanctions against a defendant for spoliation caused by defendants’ allegedly negligent preservation efforts. Plaintiffs requested an Adverse Inference Sanction which was granted. However, the court determined that the proof provided by Plaintiffs only established gross negligence and not bad faith on the part of the defendants. Thus, the judge in this case chose to issue a less severe jury instruction than the one originally requested by Plaintiffs and instead instructed the jury only that they may, at their discretion, infer that the lost data would be been helpful in deciding the issue at hand.

The case was decided in 2016 under the old version of FRCP 37(e).

QUESTION:

Do you think a court applying the revised version of FRCP 37(e) would have reached the same holding as the court in Stinson and given the same jury instruction using the identical facts?

Explain fully.

Workforce Shortage

Click here
to read the health care workforce shortage and its implications on
America’s hospitals, at the American Hospitals Association’s (AHA)
website.

Select a hospital, which is not more than
two hours away from your place of residence. Based on your readings and
understanding, create a 3- to 4-page report in a Microsoft Word
document, that includes:

A plan for a rural, medium-sized hospital to deal with short- and long-term workforce shortages.

Your plan should include the following elements:

• An introduction.
• A description of the health care workforce shortage and its implications.
• The aspects that need
  immediate attention and aspects that need long term attention. Provide a
  rationale on why these aspects need attention.
• A description of the financial implications for these issues.
• An explanation of the risks associated with these problems.
• Your recommendations to solve these problems.
• An explanation of the methods to measure the success of the plan.
• A description of the next steps, if the plan failed.
• A conclusion and a reference list.

Support your responses with examples.

Cite any sources in APA format.